Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Health and Socio-Cultural Experiences of Refugee Women: An Integrative Review

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Approximately half of the global refugee population are women, yet they remain largely understudied from the perspective of gender. The aim of this review was to investigate the impact of refugee women’s resettlement and socio-cultural experiences on their health. This review also explored factors promoting resilience in refugee women. Eight databases were searched for peer-reviewed manuscripts published from 2005 to 2014. Grey literature was also reviewed. Data were extracted for population, data collection methods, data analysis, and findings. The Resource-Based Model was used as an overarching framework for data synthesis. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 20 studies met the study inclusion criteria. Cultural factors, social and material factors, personal factors, and resilience factors were identified as main themes influencing the health of refugee women. Promotion of factors that enables resettlement is important in promoting the health and wellbeing of refugee women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. The United Nations. resources for speakers on global issues: Refugees 2009. http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/refugees/index.shtml.

  2. Drywood E. Who’s in and who’s out? The court’s emerging case law on the definition of a refugee. Common Market Law Rev. 2014;51(4):1093–124.

    Google Scholar 

  3. United Nations Refugee Agency. UNHCR Mid-Year Trend 2013. 2014.

  4. UNHRC. UNHCR concern over testimonies of abuse and sexual violence against refugee and migrant women and children on the move in Europe 2015 (23.10.2015). http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=562a150f6&query=syrian%20refugee%20and%20children.

  5. Cunningham SA, Ruben JD, Narayan KV. Health of foreign-born people in the United States: a review. Health Place. 2008;14(4):623–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bayard-Burfield L, Sundquist J, Johansson S. Ethnicity, self reported psychiatric illness, and intake of psychotropic drugs in five ethnic groups in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(9):657–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Australian Human Rights Commission. How do asylum seekers and refugees differ from immigrants. 2012. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/face-facts-2012/2012-face-facts-chapter-3#Heading1221.

  8. Jodeyr S. Where do I belong?: the experience of second generation Iranian immigrants and refugees. Psychodyn Pract. 2003;9(2):205–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. United Nations. Irregular Migration, Human Trafficking and Refugees 2013 [cited 2013]. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/InternationalMigrationPolicies2013/Report%20PDFs/k_Ch_5.pdf.

  10. Yoshihama M. Reinterpreting strength and safety in a socio-cultural context: dynamics of domestic violence and experiences of women of Japanese descent. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2000;22(3):207–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Janssens K, Bosmans M, Leye E, Temmerman M. Sexual and reproductive health of asylum-seeking and refugee women in Europe: entitlements and access to health services. J Glob Ethics. 2006;2(2):183–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Carolan M. Pregnancy health status of sub-Saharan refugee women who have resettled in developed countries: a review of the literature. Midwifery. 2010;26(4):407–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Schweitzer R, Melville F, Steel Z, Lacherez P. Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40(2):179–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Miszkurka M, Goulet L, Zunzunegui MV. Contributions of immigration to depressive symptoms among pregnant women in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2010;101(5):358–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Llácer A, Del Amo J, Garcia-Fulgueiras A, Ibanez-Rojo V, Garcia-Pino R, Jarrin I, et al. Discrimination and mental health in Ecuadorian immigrants in Spain. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009;63(9):766–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Samuel E. Acculturative stress: south Asian immigrant women’s experiences in Canada’s Atlantic provinces. J Immigr Refug Stud. 2009;7(1):16–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Smith KLW, Matheson FI, Moineddin R, Glazier RH. Gender, income and immigration differences in depression in Canadian urban centres. Can J Public Health. 2007;98(2):149–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Schubert CC, Punamäki R-L. Mental health among torture survivors: cultural background, refugee status and gender. Nord J Psychiatry. 2011;65(3):175-82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Le Espiritu Y. “We Don’t Sleep Around Like White Girls Do”: family, culture, and gender in Filipina American Lives. Signs. 2001;26(2):415–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Doná G, Berry JW. Refugee acculturation and re-acculturation. Refugees Perspect Exp Forced Migr. 1999;68(4):211–22.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Deacon Z, Sullivan C. Responding to the complex and gendered needs of refugee women. Affilia. 2009;24(3):272–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Robertson CL, Halcon L, Savik K, Johnson D, Spring M, Butcher J, et al. Somali and Oromo refugee women: trauma and associated factors. J Adv Nurs. 2006;56(6):577–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Mahony J, Donnelly T. How does gender influence immigrant and refugee women’s postpartum depression help-seeking experiences? J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013;20(8):714–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dermot R, Dooley B, Benson C. Theoretical perspectives on post-migration adaptation and psychological well-being among refugees: towards a resource-based model. J Refugee Stud. 2008;21(1):1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Marmot M, Wilkinson R. Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  27. Baird MB. Well-being in refugee women experiencing cultural transition. Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):249–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hashimoto-Govindasamy L, Rose V. An ethnographic process evaluation of a community support program with Sudanese refugee women in western Sydney. Health Promot J Aust. 2011;22(2):107–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Casimiro S, Hancock P, Northcote J. Isolation and insecurity: resettlement issues among Muslim refugee women in Perth, Western Australia. Aust J Soc Issues. 2007;42(1):55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Nilsson JE, Brown C, Russell EB, Khamphakdy-Brown S. Acculturation, partner violence, and psychological distress in refugee women from Somalia. J Interpers Violence. 2008;23(11):1654–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Winkelman M. Cultural shock and adaptation. J Couns Dev. 1994;73(2):121–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Macionis J, Gerber L. Chapter 3-Culture. Sociology 7th ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada Inc. 2010;54.

  33. Sossou M-A, Craig CD, Ogren H, Schnak M. A qualitative study of resilience factors of Bosnian refugee women resettled in the southern United States. J Ethn Cult Divers Soc Work. 2008;17(4):365–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. McBrien JL. The importance of context: Vietnamese, Somali, and Iranian refugee mothers discuss their resettled lives and involvement in their children’s schools. Comp J Comp Int Educ. 2011;41(1):75–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Pavlish C. Narrative inquiry into life experiences of refugee women and men. Int Nurs Rev. 2007;54(1):28–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Perera S, Gavian M, Frazier P, Johnson D, Spring M, Westermeyer J, et al. A longitudinal study of demographic factors associated with stressors and symptoms in African refugees. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2013;83(4):472–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tappis H, Biermann E, Glass N, Tileva M, Doocy S. Domestic Violence Among Iraqi Refugees in Syria. Health Care Women Int. 2012;33(3):285–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. McMichael CE. Sadness, displacement, resettlement: Somali refugee women in Melbourne. Parramatta BC, NSW: Transcultural Mental Health Centre; 2003.

  39. Khawaja NG, White KM, Schweitzer R, Greenslade J. Difficulties and coping strategies of Sudanese refugees: a qualitative approach. Transcult Psychiatry. 2008;45(3):489–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pavlish C. Refugee women’s health: collaborative inquiry with refugee women in Rwanda. Health Care Women Int. 2005;26(10):880–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Whittaker S, Hardy G, Lewis K, Buchan L. An exploration of psychological well-being with young Somali refugee and asylum-seeker women. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;10(2):177–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Nilsson JE, Barazanji DM, Heintzelman A, Siddiqi M, Shilla Y. Somali women’s reflections on the adjustment of their children in the United States. J Multicult Couns Dev. 2012;40(4):240–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Catolico O. Seeking life balance the perceptions of health of Cambodian Women in Resettlement. J Transcult Nurs. 2013;24(3):236–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bhui K, Craig T, Mohamud S, Warfa N, Stansfeld SA, Thornicroft G, et al. Mental disorders among Somali refugees. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2006;41(5):400–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Keygnaert I, Vettenburg N, Temmerman M. Hidden violence is silent rape: sexual and gender-based violence in refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands. Cult Health Sex. 2012;14(5):505–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Do BN. Health needs of migrant Vietnamese women in south-west Brisbane: an exploratory study. Aust J Soc Issues. 2003;38(2):247–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Brown C, Schale CL, Nilsson JE. Vietnamese immigrant and refugee women’s mental health: an examination of age of arrival, length of stay, income, and English language proficiency. J Multicult Couns Dev. 2010;38(2):66–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Carroll J, Epstein R, Fiscella K, Volpe E, Diaz K, Omar S. Knowledge and beliefs about health promotion and preventive health care among Somali women in the United States. Health Care Women Int. 2007;28(4):360–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dastjerdi M. The case of Iranian immigrants in the greater Toronto area: a qualitative study. Int J Equity Health. 2012;11(9):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fritzell S, Mwiru A. Explaining the poorer health of immigrant women in Stockholm—the role of social and economic factors. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(suppl 1):234–5.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Edge S, Newbold B. Discrimination and the health of immigrants and refugees: exploring Canada’s evidence base and directions for future research in newcomer receiving countries. J Immigr Minor Health. 2013;15(1):141–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Murdie RA. Pathways to housing: the experiences of sponsored refugees and refugee claimants in accessing permanent housing in Toronto. J Int Migr Integr/Revue de l’integration et de la migration internationale. 2008;9(1):81–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Teixeira C. Recent immigrants’ housing experiences and coping strategies in the suburbs of Vancouver. Immigr Integr Res Implic Future Policy. 2014:135.

  54. Liebkind K, Jasinskaja-Lahti I. Acculturation and psychological well-being among immigrant adolescents in Finland a comparative study of adolescents from different cultural backgrounds. J Adolesc Res. 2000;15(4):446–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Silove D, Austin P, Steel Z. No refuge from terror: the impact of detention on the mental health of trauma-affected refugees seeking asylum in Australia. Transcult Psychiatry. 2007;44(3):359–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sulaiman-Hill CM, Thompson SC. Afghan and Kurdish refugees, 8–20 years after resettlement, still experience psychological distress and challenges to well being. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2012;36(2):126–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Choummanivong C, Poole G, Cooper A. Refugee family reunification and mental health in resettlement. Kotuitui N Z J Soc Sci Online. 2014;9(2):89–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. De Anstiss H, Ziaian T. Mental health help-seeking and refugee adolescents: qualitative findings from a mixed-methods investigation. Aust Psychol. 2010;45(1):29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Donnelly TT, Hwang JJ, Este D, Ewashen C, Adair C, Clinton M. If I was going to kill myself, I wouldn’t be calling you. I am asking for help: challenges influencing immigrant and refugee women’s mental health. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2011;32(5):279–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Drummond PD, Mizan A, Brocx K, Wright B. Barriers to accessing health care services for West African refugee women living in Western Australia. Health Care Women Int. 2011;32(3):206–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hobfoll SE. The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl Psychol. 2001;50(3):337–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Hjemdal O, Vogel PA, Solem S, Hagen K, Stiles TC. The relationship between resilience and levels of anxiety, depression, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in adolescents. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2011;18(4):314–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ziaian T, de Anstiss H, Antoniou G, Baghurst P, Sawyer M. Resilience and its association with depression, emotional and behavioural problems, and mental health service utilisation among refugee adolescents living in South Australia. Int J Popul Res. 2012;2012:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Hobfoll SE. Traumatic stress: a theory based on rapid loss of resources. Anxiety Res. 1991;4(3):187–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Arnetz J, Rofa Y, Arnetz B, Ventimiglia M, Jamil H. Resilience as a protective factor against the development of psychopathology among refugees. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(3):167.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Muecke MA. New paradigms for refugee health problems. Soc Sci Med. 1992;35(4):515–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Miller KE, Rasco LM. An ecological framework for addressing the mental health needs of refugee communities. Ment Health Refugees Ecol Approaches Healing Adapt. 2004:1–64.

  68. Becker D. The deficiency of the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder when dealing with victims of human rights violations. In: Beyond trauma. New York: Springer; 1995. p. 99–110.

  69. Li W, Miller D. Resilience and its influence on the mental health of older Australians and refugees. Ann Australas Coll Trop Med. 2013;14:10.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Beiser M. Personal and social forms of resilience: research with Southeast Asian and Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Canada. In: Resilience, posttraumatic growth, and refugee mental health in Australia. Honolulu, Hawaii: Springer; 2014. p. 73–90.

  71. Siriwardhana C, Ali SS, Roberts B, Stewart R. A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants. Confl Health. 2014;8(1):13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Shishehgar S, Mahmoodi A, Dolatian M, Mahmoodi Z, Bakhtiary M, Majd HA. The relationship of social support and quality of life with the level of stress in pregnant women using the PATH Model. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(7):560.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Jane Van Balen (health librarian) for her significant contribution to the design and execution of the literature search strategy.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors participated in the design of the study. PMD, LG, AG, and MD provided critical feedback on drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sara Shishehgar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shishehgar, S., Gholizadeh, L., DiGiacomo, M. et al. Health and Socio-Cultural Experiences of Refugee Women: An Integrative Review. J Immigrant Minority Health 19, 959–973 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0379-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0379-1

Keywords

Navigation