Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Prevalence of Hypertension and Diabetes in a South Asian Population

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

South Asians have a high burden of cardiovascular disease compared to other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Little has been done to evaluate how neighborhood environments may influence cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension and type 2 diabetes in this immigrant population. We evaluated the association of perceived neighborhood social cohesion with hypertension and type 2 diabetes among 906 South Asian adults who participated in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America Study. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and physiologic covariates. Subgroup analyses examined whether associations differed by gender. South Asian women living in neighborhoods with high social cohesion had 46 % reduced odds of having hypertension than those living in neighborhoods with low social cohesion (OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.30–0.99). Future research should determine if leveraging neighborhood social cohesion prevents hypertension in South Asian women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bank TW. Data. Secondary Data 2015. http://data.worldbank.org/region/SAS.

  2. Elizabeth Hoeffel SR, Myoung Ouk K, Hasan S. The Asian Population: 2010. www.census.gov, 2012.

  3. Palaniappan L, Wang Y, Fortmann SP. Coronary heart disease mortality for six ethnic groups in California, 1990–2000. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(7):499–506. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.12.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Understanding the high prevalence of diabetes in US south Asians compared with four racial/ethnic groups: the MASALA and MESA studies. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1621–8. doi:10.2337/dc13-2656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Gadgil MD, Anderson CA, Kandula NR, et al. Dietary patterns are associated with metabolic risk factors in South Asians living in the United States. J Nutr. 2015;. doi:10.3945/jn.114.207753.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Radha V, Mohan V. Genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes among Asian Indians. Indian J Med Res. 2007;125(3):259–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zaman MJ, Bhopal RS. New answers to three questions on the epidemic of coronary mortality in South Asians: incidence or case fatality? Biology or environment? Will the next generation be affected? Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2013;99(3):154–8. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302364.

    Google Scholar 

  8. McNeill LH, Kreuter MW, Subramanian SV. Social environment and physical activity: a review of concepts and evidence. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(4):1011–22. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Diez Roux AV, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010;1186:125–45. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mujahid MS, Diez Roux AV, Morenoff JD, et al. Neighborhood characteristics and hypertension. Epidemiology. 2008;19(4):590–8. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181772cb2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schmitz MF, Giunta N, Parikh NS, et al. The association between neighbourhood social cohesion and hypertension management strategies in older adults. Age Ageing. 2012;41(3):388–92. doi:10.1093/ageing/afr163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Thorpe CT, Oddone EZ, Bosworth HB. Patient and social environment factors associated with self blood pressure monitoring by male veterans with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, Conn). 2008;10(9):692–9. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.00005.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kim ES, Hawes AM, Smith J. Perceived neighbourhood social cohesion and myocardial infarction. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2014;68(11):1020–6. doi:10.1136/jech-2014-204009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim ES, Park N, Peterson C. Perceived neighborhood social cohesion and stroke. Soc Sci Med. 2013;97:49–55. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sa R. Socioeconomic position and health: the independent contribution of community socioeconomic context. Ann Rev Soc. 1999;25:489–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA. How gender affects patterns of social relations and their impact on health: a comparison of one or multiple sources of support from “close persons”. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54(5):811–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Molinari C, Ahern M, Hendryx M. The relationship of community quality to the health of women and men. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(8):1113–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Stafford M, Cummins S, Macintyre S, et al. Gender differences in the associations between health and neighbourhood environment. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(8):1681–92. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Patel M, Phillips-Caesar E, Boutin-Foster C. Barriers to lifestyle behavioral change in migrant South Asian populations. J Immigr Minor Health Cent Minor Publ Health. 2012;14(5):774–85. doi:10.1007/s10903-011-9550-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kanaya AM, Kandula N, Herrington D, et al. Mediators of atherosclerosis in South Asians living in America (MASALA) study: objectives, methods, and cohort description. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(12):713–20. doi:10.1002/clc.22219.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Jama. 2014;311(5):507–20. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38 Suppl:S8–S16. doi: 10.2337/dc15-S005.

  23. Mujahid MS, Diez Roux AV, Morenoff JD, et al. Assessing the measurement properties of neighborhood scales: from psychometrics to ecometrics. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(8):858–67. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mair C, Diez Roux AV, Shen M, et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of neighborhood cohesion and stressors with depressive symptoms in the multiethnic study of Atherosclerosis. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(1):49–57. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.10.002.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Bromberger JT, Matthews KA. A longitudinal study of the effects of pessimism, trait anxiety, and life stress on depressive symptoms in middle-aged women. Psychol Aging. 1996;11(2):207–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lewinsohn PM, Zinbarg R, Seeley JR, et al. Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11(4):377–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Vaglio J, Conard M, Poston WS, et al. Testing the performance of the ENRICHD social support instrument in cardiac patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004;2:24. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-2-24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Mezuk B, Diez Roux AV, Seeman T. Evaluating the buffering vs. direct effects hypotheses of emotional social support on inflammatory markers: the multi-ethnic study of Atherosclerosis. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24(8):1294–300. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.06.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Janssen I. BMI, waist circumference and fat composition are not correlated with mortality risk in an older Korean population, but higher lean mass and lean mass index are predictors of reduced mortality risk. Evid Based Med. 2010;15(4):125–6. doi:10.1136/ebm1088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. McKeigue PM, Shah B, Marmot MG. Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians. Lancet. 1991;337(8738):382–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ainsworth BE, Irwin ML, Addy CL, et al. Moderate physical activity patterns of minority women: the cross-cultural activity participation study. J Women’s Health Gend Based Med. 1999;8(6):805–13. doi:10.1089/152460999319129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1081–93. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wooldridge JM. Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Raghunathan TE, Lepkowski JM, Van Hoewky J, Hoewky J, Solenberger P. A multivariate technique for muliply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Surv Methodol. 2001;27:85–95.

    Google Scholar 

  35. van Buuren S. Multiple imputation of discrete and continuous data by fully conditional specification. Stat Methods Med Res. 2007;16:219–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004;363(9403):157–63. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15268-3.

  37. Auchincloss AH, Diez Roux AV, Brown DG, et al. Neighborhood resources for physical activity and healthy foods and their association with insulin resistance. Epidemiology. 2008;19(1):146–57. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31815c480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Auchincloss AH, Diez Roux AV, Mujahid MS, et al. Neighborhood resources for physical activity and healthy foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the multi-ethnic study of Atherosclerosis. Arch Int Med. 2009;169(18):1698–704. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kavanagh AM, Bentley R, Turrell G, et al. Does gender modify associations between self rated health and the social and economic characteristics of local environments? J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2006;60(6):490–5. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wen M, Zhang X. Contextual effects of built and social environments of urban neighborhoods on exercise: a multilevel study in Chicago. Am J Health Promot AJHP. 2009;23(4):247–54. doi:10.4278/ajhp.07052448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The project described was supported by Grant Number P30DK092926 (MCDTR) from the National Institute of Type 2 diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, and by Grant Number R01HL093009 from the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute. Data collection at UCSF was also supported by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through UCSF-CTSI Grant Number UL1 RR024131.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholar, Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, NCRC Bldg. 10, Rm G016-4A, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA

    Pooja A. Lagisetty & Michele Heisler

  2. Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Ming Wen

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Hwajung Choi & Michele Heisler

  4. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Alka M. Kanaya

  5. Department of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Namratha R. Kandula

Authors
  1. Pooja A. Lagisetty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ming Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hwajung Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michele Heisler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alka M. Kanaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Namratha R. Kandula
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pooja A. Lagisetty.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lagisetty, P.A., Wen, M., Choi, H. et al. Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Prevalence of Hypertension and Diabetes in a South Asian Population. J Immigrant Minority Health 18, 1309–1316 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0308-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0308-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation