Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and affects Chinese Americans disproportionately compared to other ethnic groups in the American population. Studies of immigrant populations have shown that risk factors for CVD, including diet and physical activity, differ by acculturation. This cross-sectional study evaluated whether two measures of acculturation (region of birthplace, length of residence in the U.S.) were associated with CVD risk factors, dietary intakes, and physical activity of 125 older Chinese Americans who participated in health fairs conducted in NYC. In this study, mean waist circumference differed significantly by birthplace. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure differed significantly by length of residence in the U.S. Mean intake of vitamin B6, folate and calcium differed significantly by birthplace: Chinese Americans from Hong Kong had the highest mean vitamin B6 intake whereas older Chinese Americans from Northern China had the highest folate and calcium intakes. Mean intake of riboflavin differed significantly by length of residence in the U.S. with Chinese Americans adults who lived in the U.S. less than 10 years having the highest mean intake. Mean dairy intake of Chinese Americans differed significantly by birthplace, with adults from northern China having the highest mean dairy intake. Vigorous-intensity physical activity differed significantly by birthplace, with adults from Hong Kong reporting the most daily minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity. This study suggests that acculturation may be associated with the cardiovascular health of older Chinese Americans living in NYC.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen ML, Elliot MN, Morales LS, Diamant AL, Hambarsoomian K, Schuster MA. Adolescent participation in preventive health behaviors, physical activity, and nutrition: differences across immigrant generations for Asians and Latinos compared with Whites. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:337–43.
American Diabetes Association. All about diabetes. 2006. http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp.
American Heart Association. Diseases and conditions. 2005. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200002.
American Heart Association. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III, or ATP III. 2006. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=11206.
Campbell TC, Parpia B, Chen J. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China study. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:18T–21T.
Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100:126–31.
Centers for Disease Control. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. 2008. Available at: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/list.asp?cat=PA&yr=2007&qkey=4418&state=All.
Diez Roux AV, Detrano R, Jackson S, Jacobs DR, Schreiner PJ, Shea S, Szklo M. Acculturation and socioeconomic position as predictors of coronary calcification in a multiethnic sample. Circulation. 2005;112:1557–65.
Dixon LB, Sundquist J, Wickleby M. Difference in energy, nutrient, and food intakes in a US sample of Mexican-American women and men: findings from the Third NHANES, 1988–1994. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:548–57.
Fang J, Foo SH, Fung C, Wylie-Rosett J, Alderman MH. Stroke risk among Chinese immigrants in New York City. J Immigr Minor Health. 2006;8:387–93.
Fung TT, Schulze M, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary patterns, meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2235–40.
Goff DC, Bertoni AG, Kramer H, Bonds D, Blumenthal RS, Tsai MY, Psaty BYP. Dyslipidemia prevalence, treatment, and control in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2006;113:647–56.
Kandula NR, Lauderdale DS. Leisure time, non-leisure time, and occupational physical activity in Asian Americans. Annu Epidemiol. 2005;15:257–65.
Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Newsom JT, McFarland BH. The association between length of residence and obesity among Hispanic immigrants. Prev Med. 2004;27:323–6.
Keim NL, Blanton CA, Kretsch MJ. America’s obesity epidemic: measuring physical activity to promote an active lifestyle. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:1398–409.
Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA. Cardiovascular risk factors among Asian Americans living in northern California. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:1423–8.
Kramer H, Han C, Post W, Goff D, Diez-Roux A, Cooper R, Jinagouda S, Shea S. Racial/Ethnic differences in hypertension and hypertension treatment and control in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:963–70.
Lau DS, Lee G, Wong CC, Wong CC, Fung GL, Cooper BA, Mason DT. Characterization of systematic hypertension in the San Francisco Chinese community. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:570–3.
Lee SK, Sobal J, Frongillo EA Jr. Acculturation and health in Korean Americans. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:159–73.
Lee WP, Lingard J, Bermingham M. Change in diet and body mass index in Taiwanese women with length of residence in Australia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):56–65.
Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LH, Hankin JH, Lyu LC. Association of sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes with the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1997;57:4787–94.
Lv N, Cason KL. Dietary pattern change and acculturation of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(5):771–8.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2011. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acculturation.
Moran A, Roux AV, Jackson SA, Kramer H, Manolio TA, Shrager S, Shea S. Acculturation is associated with hypertension in a multiethnic sample. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:354–63.
Pan YL, Dixon Z, Himburg S, Huffman F. Asian students change their eating patterns after living in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:54–7.
Salant T, Lauderdale DS. Measuring culture: a critical review of acculturation and health in Asian immigrant populations. Social Sci Med. 2003;57:71–90.
Satia JA, Patterson RE, Kristal AR, Hislop TG, Yasui Y, Taylor VM. Development of dietary acculturation scales among Chinese Americans and Chinese Canadians. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:548–53.
Satia-Abouta J, Patterson RE, Neuhouser ML, Elder J. Dietary acculturation: applications to nutrition research and dietetics. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1105–18.
The Health of Immigrants in New York City. 2008. Accessed 2 June 2008. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/episrv/episrv-immigrant-report.pdf.
The Newest New Yorkers. 2000. New York City Department of City Planning Population Division; 2004.
Thompson FE, Subar AF, Loria CM, Reedy JL, Baranowski T. Need for technological innovation in dietary assessment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:48–51.
Unger JB, Reynolds K, Shakib S, Spruijt-Metz D, Sun P, Johnson A. Acculturation, physical activity, and fast food consumption among Asian American and Hispanic adolescents. J Community Health. 2004;29:467–81.
Wildman RP, Gu D, Reynolds K, Duan X, He J. Appropriate body mass index and waist circumference cutoffs for categorization of overweight and central adiposity among Chinese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1129–36.
Wolin KY, Colditz G, Stoddard AM, Emmons KM, Sorensen G. Acculturation and physical activity in a working class multiethnic population. Prev Med. 2006;42:266–72.
Wong SS, Dixon LB, Gilbride JA, Chin WW, Kwan TW. Diet, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease risk factors among older Chinese Americans living in New York City. J Community Health. 2010. Online First 16 Nov 2010.
World Health Organization. The Asia perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. 2000. Available at: http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/resources.ashx/NUT/Redefining+obesity.pdf.
Yang W, Read W. Dietary pattern of Asian immigrants. Nutr Res. 1996;16:1277–93.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wong, S.S., Dixon, L.B., Gilbride, J.A. et al. Measures of Acculturation are Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Dietary Intakes, and Physical Activity in Older Chinese Americans in New York City. J Immigrant Minority Health 15, 560–568 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9669-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9669-4