Abstract
Emotion regulation entails using specific strategies to manage emotions, impacting on well-being. Research has uncovered important factors that may affect one’s use of emotion regulation strategies. Because passionate individuals experience positive and negative emotions while engaging in the activity that they deeply care about (Vallerand in The psychology of passion: a dualistic model, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015), it was proposed that they should be more likely to make use of emotion regulation strategies. Using the Dualistic Model of Passion (Vallerand et al. in J Personal Soc Psychol 85:756–767, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756), this research tested an integrated model of passion, emotion regulated strategies, and psychological well-being. Three online studies were conducted. Study 1 (n = 370) used a cross-sectional design in order to explore the relationships between passion, emotion regulation strategies, and well-being in the context of various leisure activities. Using the same design, Study 2 (n = 253) aimed at replicating the findings from Study 1 within the specific context of romantic relationships. Finally, the goal of Study 3 (n = 253) was to replicate the findings from Studies 1 and 2 while using a prospective design. Overall, results from path analyses uncovered that HP was positively associated with cognitive reappraisal whereas OP was positively related to expressive suppression. Cognitive reappraisal was the only strategy positively linked to well-being. Findings underscore the important role of HP in the use of cognitive reappraisal, facilitating well-being.
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Because past research on emotion regulation strategies reveals age and gender differences among emotion regulation strategies (see Nolen-Hoeksema and Aldao 2011), the model for Study 1 was also tested while controlling for age and gender. Results show excellent fit to the data: χ2 (df = 3, N = 370) = 1.06, ns, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, SRMR = .01, and RMSEA = .00 [.00; .06]. Standardized solutions showed significant relationship between both age and gender and expressive suppression. Specifically, age was negatively related to expressive suppression (β = − .14, p < .01). Gender was positively linked to expressive suppression (β = .29, p < .001). These findings show that the relationship between passion, emotion regulation strategies and well-being is the same irrespective of age and gender. However, in this study, older individuals tended to make less use of expressive suppression than younger people. Men tended to make more use of expressive suppression than women.
In Studies 1 and 2, alternative partial mediation models involving OP were tested. For Study 1, a direct path from OP to thriving was added. Thus, the relation between OP and thriving was partially mediated by the two emotion regulation strategies, while the relation between HP and thriving was fully mediated by the same two strategies. For Study 2, direct paths from OP to satisfaction with life, happiness and meaning in life were added. Thus, the relations between OP and these three well-being outcomes were partially mediated by the two emotion regulation strategies, while the relations between HP and the same well-being outcomes were fully mediated by the emotion regulation strategies. Results show in each study that the alternative model did not yield adequate fit: Study 1, χ2 (df = 1, N = 370) = 40.66, p < .01, CFI = .85, TLI = .00, SRMR = .05, and RMSEA = .33 [.25; .42]; Study 2: χ2 (df = 3, N = 253) = 38.49, p < 0.01, CFI = .94, TLI = .63, SRMR = .07, and RMSEA = .22 [.16; .28]. Note that these alternative models cannot be compared to the model we retained in Study 1 (see Table 1, Study 1, Partial mediation [HP]) and Study 2 (see Table 1, Study 2, Partial mediation [HP]) using Chi square difference tests and fit indices comparisons, as they are not nested models (i.e., precluding equal fit hypothesis testing). However, we did compare models in each study based on two predictive fit indices, the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC). If predictive indices do not represent a formal test of model comparison, they indicate which model is more likely to be replicated. For each indices, a lower value indicates that the model is to be preferred (Kline 2016). In both studies, the retained model presented a lower AIC (retained vs. alternative model, Study 1: 4767.58 vs. 4807.53; Study 2: 4365.19 vs. 4403.38) and BIC (retained vs. alternative model, Study 1: 4841.93 vs. 4881.89; Study 2: 4478.26 vs. 4516.44).
Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, and results showed support for this 3-factor measurement model: χ2 (df = 22, N = 253) = 24.62, ns, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, SRMR = .01, and RMSEA = .02 [.00; .06].
As in Study 1, the model for Study 2 was also tested controlling for age and gender. In addition, the model was tested controlling for relationship status and duration. Results also showed that the model had a satisfactory fit to the data: χ2 (df = 15, N = 253) = 26.412, p < .05, CFI = .98, TLI = .95, SRMR = .04, and RMSEA = .06 [.02; .09]. Standardized solutions showed that gender positively predicted expressive suppression (β = .162, p < .01). These findings show that the relationships among passion, emotion regulation strategies and well-being were the same irrespective of age, gender, relationship duration and status. However, in this study, men tended to make more use of expressive suppression than women.
A MANOVA was conducted to investigate if significant differences existed between respondent who completed the questionnaire at both Times from those who did not (Study 3). No significant multivariate effect was found on all variables at Time 1: Wilks’ Lambda = .98, F (5, 515) = 1.85, p = .10, \(\eta^{2}\) = .02.
Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in order to see if the above dimensionalities for positive and negative well-being indices fit the sample from this research. Results revealed adequate fit indices for this 3-factor measurement model: χ2 (df = 73, N = 253) = 139.13, p < .01, CFI = .98, TLI = .97, SRMR = .03, and RMSEA = .06 [.05; .08]. However, results also uncovered that Item #3 from the Subjective Vitality subscale (“Sometimes I feel so alive that I just want to burst”) also loaded negatively on the depression subscale (.46). Thus, this item was removed from further analyses (α = .94). Bostic, Rubio, and Hood (2000) have also recommended not to include this item. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted again without Item #3 and results revealed adequate fit indices for this 3-factor measurement model: χ2 (df = 64, N = 253) = 114.63, p < .01, CFI = .99, TLI = .98, SRMR = .03, and RMSEA = .06 [.04; .07].
As in Studies 1 and 2, the model for Study 3 was tested controlling for age and gender. Results showed that the model had a satisfactory fit to the data: χ2 (df = 22, N = 253) = 46.40, p < .01; CFI = .98, TLI = .96, SRMR = .03, and RMSEA = .07 [.04; .09]. Standardized solutions showed that gender positively predicted expressive suppression (β = .39, p < .01). These findings show that the relationship between passion, emotion regulation strategies and well-being remain the same irrespective of age and gender. However, in this study, men tended to make more use of expressive suppression than women.
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St-Louis, A.C., Rapaport, M., Chénard Poirier, L. et al. On Emotion Regulation Strategies and Well-Being: The Role of Passion. J Happiness Stud 22, 1791–1818 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00296-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00296-8