Abstract
In this article we defend that the adoption of a non-linear approach, theoretically framed on complexity theories can make some contribution to the bottom-up approach, which explains the levels of satisfaction with life as a whole through the combination of the levels of satisfaction in different life domains. Two approaches have been tested: (Rojas in J Happiness Stud 7:467–497, 2006) constant elasticity of substitution model and the model with quadratic terms and interaction effects (González et al. in Soc Indic Res 80:267–295, 2006; González et al. in Qual Quant 42:1–21, 2008). In order to prevent obtaining false non-linear relationships they have been analysed twice taking into account or not limited measurement of satisfaction with life as a whole. Results show that: (a) any of the two non-linear models fits better than the linear one; (b) any of the models failing to take into account limited measurement fits worse; (c) the non-linear model with quadratic terms and interaction effects fits better than Rojas’. The implications for the study of psychological well-being are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allegrini, P., Giuntoli, M., Grigolini, P., & West, B. J. (2004). From knowledge, knowability and the search for objective randomness to a new vision of complexity. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 20, 11–32.
Amemiya, T. (1984). Tobit models: A survey. Journal of Econometrics, 24(1–2), 3–61.
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American’s perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Batista-Foguet, J. M., & Saris, W. E. (1988). Reduction in variation in response function for social science variables: Job satisfaction. In W. E. Saris (Ed.), Variation in response functions: A source of measurement error in attitude research (pp. 178–198). Amsterdam: Sociometric Research Foundation.
Casas, F. (1996). Bienestar social. Una introducción psicosocial. [Social well-being. A psychosocial introduction]. Barcelona: PPU.
Casas, F., Madorell, L., Figuer, C., González, M., Malo, S., Garcia, M., et al. (2007). Preferències i expectatives dels adolescents relatives a la televisió a Catalunya [Preferences and expectations of adolescents in relation to the television in Catalonia]. Barcelona: Consell de l’Audiovisual de Catalunya [Catalan Audiovisual Council].
Cha, K.-H. (2003). Subjective well-being among college students. Social Indicators Research, 62–63, 455–477.
Cohen, E. H. (2000). A facet theory approach to examining overall and life facet satisfaction relationships. Social Indicators Research, 51, 223–237.
Coveney, P., & Highfield, R. (1992). La flecha del tiempo. La organización del desorden [The arrow of time. The organisation of disorder]. Barcelona: Plaza & Janes Editores.
Cummins, R. A. (1998). The second approximation to an international standard for life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 43, 307–334.
Cummins, R. A. (2002). Vale ComQol: Caveats to using the comprehensive quality of life scale: Welcome the personal wellbeing index. (http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/index.htm).
Cummins, R. A. (2003). Normative life satisfaction: Measurement issues and a homeostatic model. Social Indicators Research, 64, 225–256.
Cummins, R. A., & Cahill, J. (2000). Avances en la comprensión de la calidad de vida subjetiva. [Advances in the comprehension of subjective quality of life]. Intervención Psicosocial, 9(2), 185–198.
Cummins, R.A., & Gullone, E. (2000). Why we should not use 5-point Likert scales: The case for subjective quality of life measurement. In Proceedings of the second international conference on quality of life in cities (pp. 74–93). Singapore. National University of Singapore.
Cummins, R. A., & Nistico, H. (2002). Maintaining life satisfaction: The role of positive cognitive bias. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 37–69.
Cummins, R.A., Eckersley, R., van Pallant, J., Vugt, J., & Misajon, R. (2003). Developing a national index of subjective well-being: The Australian Unity Well-being Index. Social Indicators Research, 64, 159–190. Updated in: (http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/wellbeing_index.htm).
Davern, M. T., Cummins, R. A., & Stokes, M. A. (2007). Subjective wellbeing as an affective-cognitive construct. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 429–449.
Diener, E. (1994). El bienestar subjetivo. [Subjective well-being]. Intervención Psicosocial, 3(8), 67–113.
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2000). New directions in subjective well-being research: The cutting edge. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 21–33.
Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1992). Personality and subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwartz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 213–243). New York: Rusell Sage Foundation.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 276–302.
Diener, E., Scollon, K. N., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V., & Suh, E. M. (2000). Positivity and the construction of life satisfaction judgements: Global happiness is not the sum of its parts. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 159–176.
Easterlin, R. A. (2006). Life cycle happiness and its sources. Intersections of psychology, economics, and demography. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27, 463–482.
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2004). Global judgments of subjective well-being: Situational variability and long-term stability. Social Indicators Research, 65, 245–277.
González, M. (2006). A non-linear approach to psychological well-being in adolescence: Some contributions from the complexity paradigm. Girona: Documenta Universitaria.
González, M., Casas, F., & Coenders, G. (2006). A complexity approach to psychological well-being in adolescence: Major strengths and methodological issues. Social Indicators Research, 80, 267–295.
González, M., Coenders, G., & Casas, F. (2008). Using non-linear models for a complexity approach to psychological well-being. Quality & Quantity, 42, 1–21.
Greene, W. H. (2007). Econometric analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hayles, N. K. (1998). La evolución del caos. El orden dentro del desorden en las ciencias contemporáneas [The evolution of chaos. Order within disorder in contemporary sciences]. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Headey, B., Veenhoven, R., & Wearing, A. (1991). Top-down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 24, 81–100.
Heckman, J. (1976). The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection, and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, 5, 475–492.
Hsieh, C.-M. (2002). Counting importance: The case of life satisfaction and relative domain importance. Social Indicators Research, 61, 227–240.
Irwin, J. R., & McClelland, G. (2001). Misleading heuristics and moderated multiple regression models. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 100–109.
Kozma, A., Stone, S., & Stones, M. J. (1997). Los enfoques de top-down y bottom-up del bienestar subjetivo. [Top-down and bottom-up approaches to subjective well-being]. Intervención Psicosocial, 6(1), 77–90.
Kozma, A., Stone, S., & Stones, M. J. (2000). Stability in components and predictors of subjective well-being (SWB): Implications for SWB structure. In E. Diener & D. Rahtz (Eds.), Advances in quality of life theory and research. Social indicators research series (Vol. 4, pp. 13–30). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Lance, C. E., Mallard, A. G., & Michalos, A. C. (1995). Tests of the causal directions of global-life facet satisfaction relationships. Social Indicators Research, 34, 69–92.
Leonardi, F., Spazzafumo, L., Marcellini, F., & Gagliardi, C. (1999). The top-down/bottom-up controversy from a constructionist approach. A method for measuring top-down effects applied to a sample of older people. Social Indicators Research, 48, 187–216.
Mallard, A. G., Lance, C. E., & Michalos, A. C. (1997). Culture as a moderator of overall life satisfaction–Life facet satisfaction relationships. Social Indicators Research, 40, 259–284.
Mathews, K. M., White, M. C., & Long, R. G. (1999). Why study the complexity sciences in the social sciences? Human Relations, 52(4), 439–462.
McCullagh, P., & Nelder, J. A. (1989). Generalized linear models. London: Chapman and Hall.
Michalos, A. (1995). Introducción a la teoría de las discrepancias múltiples (TDM). [An introduction to multiple discrepancies theory (MDT)]. Intervención Psicosocial, 4(11), 101–115.
Munné, F. (1993). La teoría del caos y la psicología social. Un nuevo enfoque epistemológico para el comportamiento social. [Chaos theory and social psychology. A new epistemological approach to social behaviour]. In I. Fernández & F. Martínez (Eds.), Epistemología y procesos psicosociales básicos (pp. 37–48). Sevilla: Eudema.
Munné, F. (1995). Las teorías de la complejidad y sus implicaciones en las ciencias del comportamiento. [Complexity theories and their implications for behavioural sciences]. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 29(1), 1–12.
Munné, F. (2004). El retorno de la complejidad y la nueva imagen del ser humano: hacia una psicologia compleja. [The return of complexity and the new image of the human-being: towards a complex psychology]. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 38(1), 15–22.
Riofrío, W. (2001). Complejidad o simplicidad? en busca de la unidad de la ciencia. [Complexity or simplicity? In search of the unity of science]. A Parte Rei: Revista de Filosofia, 16 July 2001. Electronic journal. http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/~cmunoz11/page25.html.
Rojas, M. (2006). Life satisfaction and satisfaction in domains of life: Is it a simple relationship? Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 467–497.
Rojas, M. (2008). Experienced poverty and income poverty in México: A subjective well-being approach. World Development, 36(6), 1078–1093.
Rubin, D. B. (1974). Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 688–701.
Saris, W. E. (2001). What influences subjective well-being in Russia? Journal of Happiness Studies, 2, 137–146.
Saris, W. E., van Wijk, T., & Scherpenzeel, A. (1998). Validity and reliability of subjective social indicators. The effect of different measures of association. Social Indicators Research, 45, 173–199.
Schnedler, W. (2005). Likelihood estimation for censored random vectors. Econometric Reviews, 24(2), 195–217.
Sirgy, M. J. (2000). The social psychology of quality of life: toward an integrated theory of happiness, life satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Third conference of the international society for quality of life studies. Girona, 20–22 July 2000.
Sirgy, M. J. (2001). Handbook of quality-of-life research. An ethical marketing perspective. Social Indicators Research Series (Vol. 8). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation for relationships with limited dependent variables. Econometrica, 26(1), 24–36.
van Praag, B. M. S., Frijters, P., & Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2003). The anatomy pf subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, 51, 29–49.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). El estudio de la satisfacción con la vida. [The study of life satisfaction]. Intervención Psicosocial, 3(9), 87–116.
Wu, C.-H. (2008). Can we weight satisfaction score with importance ranks across life domains? Social Indicators Research, 86, 469–480.
Acknowledgments
Financial support for the data collection used in this article was provided by the Catalan Audiovisual Council. The comments made by Mariano Rojas have enormously contributed to the improving of the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
González, M., Coenders, G., Saez, M. et al. Non-linearity, Complexity and Limited Measurement in the Relationship Between Satisfaction with Specific Life Domains and Satisfaction with Life as a Whole. J Happiness Stud 11, 335–352 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9143-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9143-8