Abstract
Toronto is Canada’s main port of entry for new immigrants and refugees as well as the country’s most culturally diverse city. It is also one of the most expensive housing markets in Canada. This study examines the housing experiences of three relatively recent, Portuguese-speaking African immigrant groups—the Angolans, the Mozambicans, and the Cape Verdeans—in Toronto’s rental market, by examining their settlement experiences and housing search processes, as well as the outcomes of those searches. The evidence indicates that most respondents experienced discrimination by landlords in their housing search (this was less of a problem for the Cape Verdeans, who have a lighter skin colour). Both Angolans and Mozambicans encountered significant barriers in locating and securing affordable housing in a suitable neighbourhood. The study also examines their relations with the established white Portuguese community. Clearly, race (the colour of one’s skin) still matters in Toronto’s rental housing market. Racism—whether real or perceived—can result in social exclusion and housing segregation of immigrant groups in low-income neighbourhoods, and thus a slower integration of newcomers into Canadian society. This study points to the need for more comparative studies on visible and non-visible minorities, including newcomers from Africa (whether English-, French-, Spanish-, or Portuguese-speaking), to understand why certain groups are more successful than others in finding affordable housing in a neighbourhood of their choice.
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Acknowledgements
Financial support for this study was provided by CMHC (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation). The author would like to express his appreciation to all members of the Cape Verdean, Angolan and Mozambican communities for sharing with us their housing experiences in Toronto. The author also wishes to thank Julia Sança, Esperança Panzo and Inacio de Natividade from these study communities for their advice and for helping in the data collection. Appreciation is also extended to Robert A. Murdie and Denis Losier for their helpful comments and criticism on an earlier version of this paper.
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Teixeira, C. Barriers and outcomes in the housing searches of new immigrants and refugees: a case study of “Black” Africans in Toronto’s rental market. J Hous and the Built Environ 23, 253–276 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-008-9118-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-008-9118-9