Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Factors Associated with Separation and Ongoing Violence among Women with Civil Protective Orders

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Family Violence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examined a large sample of women recruited out of court at the time they received a civil protective order to better understand relationship status after obtaining a protective order (PO) and factors associated with protective order violations. Results are consistent with prior research suggesting that the protective order may be the impetus in separating from the abusive partner for some women, while for other women it is part of the separation process. Results also indicated that five out of ten women who did not continue a relationship experienced a violation while seven out of ten women who did continue a relationship with the PO partner experienced a violation. The majority of women felt safer and reported they believed the protective order was effective 13 months post-PO, regardless of relationship status. Furthermore, stalking played a significant role in separation from an abusive relationship and in protective order violations regardless of relationship status. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Cases excerpted from Logan et al. (2006).

References

  • Amato, P., & Rogers, S. (1997). A longitudinal study of marital problems and subsequent divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 612–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arendell, T. (1995). Fathers & divorce. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, T., & Lawrence, E. (1999). Physical aggression and the longitudinal course of newlywed marriage.. In X. Arriaga, & S. Oskamp (Eds.) Violence in intimate relationships (pp. 181–202). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J., Miller, P., Cardwell, M., & Belknap, R. (1994). Relationship status of battered women over time. Journal of Family Violence, 9(2), 99–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J., Webster, D., Koziol-McLain, J., Block, C., Campbell, D., Curry, M., et al. (2003). Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multi-site case control study. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1089–1097.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M., Harris, S., & Holden, G. (1999). Protective orders and domestic violence: Risk factors for re-abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 14(2), 205–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chitwood, D., McBride, D., Metsch, L., Comerford, M., & McCoy, C. (1998). A comparison of the need for health care and use of health care by injection-drug users, other chronic drug users, and nondrug users. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(8), 1107–1122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J., Logan, T., & Shannon, L. (2006). Intimate sexual victimization among women with protective orders: Types and associations of physical and mental health problems. Violence and Victims, 20(6), 695–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M., & Gartner, R. (1998). Differences in the characteristics of intimate femicides: The role of relationship state and relationship status. Homicide Studies, 2(4), 378–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eigenberg, H., McGuffee, K., Berry, P., & Hall, W. (2003). Protective order legislation: Trends in state statutes. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 411–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finn, P. (1989). Statutory authority in the use and enforcement of civil protection orders against domestic abuse. Family Law Quarterly, 23, 43–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gondolf, E., McWilliams, J., Hart, B., & Stuehling, J. (1994). Court response to petitions for civil protection orders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(4), 503–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, A., & Smith, B. (1996). Effects of restraining orders on domestic violence victims. In E. Buzawa, & C. Buzawa (Eds.) Do arrests and restraining orders work? (pp. 214–242). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, A., Smith, B., & Newmark, L. (1993). Court processing and the effects of restraining orders for domestic violence victims. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, V., Kernic, M., Lumley, T., Wolf, M., & Rivara, F. (2002). Civil protection orders and risk of subsequent police-reported violence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(5), 589–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, V., Kernic, M., Wolf, M., & Rivara, F. (2003). Do protection orders affect the likelihood of future partner violence and injury. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(1), 16–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hotaling, G., & Buzawa, E. (2003). Forgoing criminal justice assistance: The non-reporting of new incidents of abuse in a court sample of domestic violence victims. (NCJ 195667). US Department of Justice. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

  • Hutchison, I. (2003). Substance use and abused women’s utilization of the police. Journal of Family Violence, 18(2), 93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, N., Gottman, J., Gortner, E., Berns, S., & Shortt, J. (1996). Psychological factors in the longitudinal course of battering: When to couples split up? When does the abuse decrease? Violence and Victims, 11(4), 371–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keilitz, S., Hannaford, P., & Efkeman, H. (1997). Civil protection orders: The benefits and limitations for victims of domestic violence (Publication No. R-201). National Center for State Courts Research Report. Williamsburg, VA.

  • Klein, A. (1996). Re-abuse in a population of court restrained male batterers: Why restraining orders don’t work. In E. Buzawa, & C. Buzawa (Eds.) Do arrests and restraining orders work? (pp. 192–213). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurz, D. (1995). For richer, for poorer: Mothers confront divorce. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurz, D. (1996). Separation, divorce, and woman abuse. Violence Against Women, 2(1), 63–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., & Cole, J. (2007). The impact of partner stalking on mental health and protective order outcomes over time. Violence and Victims, 22(5), 546–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Cole, J., Shannon, L., & Walker, R. (2006). Partner stalking: How women respond, cope, and survive. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Cole, J., Shannon, L., & Walker, R. (2007). Relationship characteristics and protective orders among a diverse sample of women. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 237–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Shannon, L., & Cole, J. (2007). Stalking victimization in the context of intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 22(6), 669–683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Shannon, L., & Walker, R. (2005). Protective orders in rural and urban area: a multiple perspective study. Violence Against Women, 11(7), 876–911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Shannon, L., Walker, R., & Faragher, T. (2006). Protective orders: Questions and conundrums. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7(3), 175–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Stevenson, E., Evans, L., & Leukefeld, C. (2004). Rural and urban women’s perceptions of barriers to health, mental health, & criminal justice services: implications for victims services. Violence and Victims, 19(1), 37–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., & Walker, R. (2008). Civil protective order outcomes: Violations and perceptions of effectiveness. Journal of Interpersonal Violence (in press).

  • Logan, T., Walker, R., Cole, J., Ratliff, S., & Leukefeld, C. (2003). Qualitative differences among rural and urban intimate violence victimization experiences and consequences: A pilot study. Journal of Family Violence, 18(2), 83–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Walker, R., Jordan, C., & Campbell, J. (2004). An integrative review of separation and victimization among women: Consequences & Implications. Violence, Trauma, & Abuse, 5(2), 143–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Walker, R., Jordan, C., & Leukefeld, C. (2006). Women and victimization: Contributing factors, interventions, and implications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T., Walker, R., Shannon, L., & Cole, J. (2008). Combining ethical considerations with recruitment and follow-up strategies for partner violence victimization research. Violence Against Women (in press).

  • McFarlane, J., Malecha, A., Gist, J., Watson, K., Batten, E., Hall, I., et al. (2004). Protection orders and intimate partner violence: An 18-month study of 150 black, Hispanic, and white women. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 613–618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLellan, A., Luborsky, L., O’Brien, C., & Woody, G. (1980). An improved diagnostic instrument for substance abuse patients: The Addition Severity Index. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 168, 26–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogge, R., & Bradbury, T. (1999). Till violence does us part: The differing roles of communication and aggression in predicting adverse marital outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 340–351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, L., & Gager, C. (2000). Hard living, perceived entitlement to a great marriage, and marital dissolution. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 708–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sev’er, A. (1997). Recent or imminent separation and intimate violence against women. Violence Against Women, 3(6), 566–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. (2002). The tactical topography of stalking victimization and management. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3(4), 261–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. (1995). Manual for the conflict tactics scale. Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M., & Gelles, R. (1990). Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M., Hamby, S., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanberg, J., Macke, C., & Logan, T. (2007). Working women making it work: Intimate partner violence, employment, disclosure and workplace supports. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(3), 292–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Testa, M., & Leonard, K. (2001). The impact of marital aggression on women’s psychological and marital functioning in a newlywed sample. Journal of Family Violence, 16(2), 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Extent, nature and consequences of intimate partner violence (NCJ 181867). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice.

  • Truman-Schram, D., Cann, A., Calhoun, L., & Vanwallendael, L. (2000). Leaving an abusive dating relationship: An investment model comparison of women who stay versus women who leave. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(2), 161–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, A., Tolman, R., & Bennett, L. (1998). An ecological study of nonresidential services for battered women within a comprehensive community protocol for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 13(4), 395–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1993). Spousal homicide risk and estrangement. Violence and Victims, 8, 3–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., Johnson, H., & Daly, M. (1995). Lethal and non-lethal violence against wives. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 37, 331–361.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research for and preparation of this article were supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Grant Number AA12735-01 and the University of Kentucky General Clinical Research Organization funded by the National Institute of Health Grant #M01RR02602.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to TK Logan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Logan, T., Walker, R., Shannon, L. et al. Factors Associated with Separation and Ongoing Violence among Women with Civil Protective Orders. J Fam Viol 23, 377–385 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9164-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9164-9

Keywords

Navigation