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Application of Semiochemicals to Assess the Biodiversity of Subcortical Insects following an Ecosystem Disturbance in a Sub-boreal Forest

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Abstract

From 2000 through 2003 we used semiochemical-baited traps in northeastern Minnesota, USA, to assess changes in assemblages of subcortical forest insects after a catastrophic wind storm in 1999 and subsequent (1999–2000) fuel-reduction activities (salvage-logging and prescribed-burning). We determined the regional efficacy of fifteen semiochemical blends (pheromones and kairomones) as attractants for target and non-target subcortical insect species (Coleoptera: Anthribidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Cucujidae, Curculionidae, Histeridae, Nemonychidae, Salpingidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, and Hymenoptera: Siricidae). During the four summers, we trapped 86,471 subcortical insects (143 species) in baited and unbaited Lindgren funnel traps, and 500 beetles (44 species) in baited and unbaited pitfall traps. We report 23 new state collection records of subcortical insects from Minnesota. Trap catches of subcortical insects were greatest in the wind-disturbed areas 2 years after the event, and declined thereafter. Similar trends were observed for subcortical insects in the burned areas. Both wind-disturbance and burning increased the subcortical insect species richness and diversity on the landscape. The subcortical insect species compositions of the salvaged and burned forest areas differed from those of the undisturbed and wind-disturbed areas. Trap catches of subcortical insects in response to semiochemical treatments also varied with year of sampling and land-area treatment. The greatest diversity of subcortical beetle species was in traps baited with attractants for the scolytids, Dendroctonus valens [(+)-α-pinene and (−)-β-pinene] and Dryocoetes spp. [exo-brevicomin and (−)-α-pinene], perhaps reflecting the generic nature of the baits. The most distinct species compositions were collected in response to the woodborer and Dendroctonus simplex baits, whereas the species compositions in traps with the D. valens and Dryocoetes spp. baits, and the unbaited funnel trap were the most similar. The variation in trap catch with time and across landscapes suggests that the responses of subcortical insects to semiochemicals are more complex than previously appreciated.

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Acknowledgments

We thank P. Anderson, D. Blackford, M. Cavaleri, L. Freund, A. Graves, J. Kyhl, and J. Koehle (University of Minnesota) for field assistance. We are also grateful to M. and J. Albers, R. Maki, B. Tiplady, and N. La Trace [Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN-DNR)], T. Petrice (USDA Forest Service, Michigan), and D. Neitzke, P. Johnson, T. Norman, and M. Theimer [USDA Forest Service, Superior National Forest, Gunflint Ranger District (SNF-GRD)], for assistance with field logistics. Funnel traps (provided by MN-DNR) were emptied and re-randomized with the assistance of fire suppression, silviculture, and fuel-reduction crews of the MN-DNR and SNF-GRD. R. D. Cook (University of Minnesota) and J. Baldwin (USDA Forest Service, Albany, CA) provided statistical guidance. We thank D. Langor (Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton) for species identification of Pissodes spp. and A. Graves for assistance with the museum survey. Funding for this project was provided by the Departments of Entomology and Forest Resources, UMN; the 2001 Dayton Natural History Fund, Bell Museum of Natural History, the 2002 Carolyn M. Crosby Graduate School Fellowship, the 2003 Alexander P. and Lydia Anderson Graduate School Fellowship, the 2004 Doctoral Dissertation Graduate School Fellowship, and the 2004 Doctoral Dissertation Research Graduate School Award, University of Minnesota all to KJKG; 2002 and 2003 Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) Scholarships to H. Krause and L. Freund, the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (Projects MN-17-070 to SJS and MIN-42-034 to DWG); two grants from the USDA Forest Service-Forest Health Monitoring, Evaluation Monitoring Program (01-GD-11244225-196, 01-DG-11244225-196) to DWG and SJS in 2001–2003; a Joint Fire Science Program Grant (00-2-23) to JCZ and DWG in 2000–2003; the USDA Forest Service Northern and Pacific Southwest Research Stations; and the Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Kamal J. K. Gandhi

    Present address: Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

  2. Daniel W. Gilmore

    Present address: Oneida County Health Department, 600 Park Avenue, Utica, NY, 13501, USA

  3. Steven J. Seybold

    Present address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Chemical Ecology of Forest Insects, 720 Olive Drive, Suite D, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA

    Kamal J. K. Gandhi & Steven J. Seybold

  2. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA

    Kamal J. K. Gandhi, Daniel W. Gilmore & Steven J. Seybold

  3. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1407 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA

    Robert A. Haack

  4. USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, 1992 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA

    Steven A. Katovich

  5. Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 346 Russell Laboratories,1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Steven J. Krauth

  6. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 5985 Hwy K, Rhinelander, WI, 54501, USA

    William J. Mattson

  7. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1831, Hwy 169E, Grand Rapids, MN, 55744, USA

    John C. Zasada

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  1. Kamal J. K. Gandhi
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Correspondence to Steven J. Seybold.

Additional information

William J. Mattson and John C. Zasada retired

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplemental Data Table 1

Species list of rhizophagous beetles caught in 2000–2003 in baited pitfall traps in three (2000) or four (2001–2003) land-area treatments and two (2000) or one (2001–2003) cover typesa, Superior National Forest, Cook Co., MN, USA. (DOC 124 kb)

Supplemental Data Table 2

Species list of rhizophagous and phloeophagous beetles caught in 2000–2003 in pitfall traps baited with four host attractants and unbaited control, Superior National Forest, Cook Co., MN, USA. (DOC 125 kb)

Supplemental Data Table 3

Species list of subcortical insects caught in 2000–2003 in funnel traps in two (2000) or one (2001–2003) cover types and three (2000) or four (2001–2003) land-area treatments, Superior National forest, Cook Co., Minnesota. (DOC 257 kb)

Supplemental Data Table 4

Species list of subcortical insects caught in 2000–2003 in funnel traps baited with eleven semiochemicals and an unbaited control, Superior National Forest, Cook Co., MN, USA. (DOC 319 kb)

Supplemental Data Table 5

Species of subcortical insectsa reported for the first time in Minnesota from a survey of specimens in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection, St. Paul, MN, USA. (DOC 69 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 1

Mean (+ SE) number of subcortical insects per 15 d caught during 2001-2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of subcortical insects per 15 d caught during 2001-2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (B). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(–)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in these figures are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 105 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 2

Mean (+ SE) number of bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of Scolytidae per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (B). Mean (+ SE) number of Scolytidae per 15 d caught in funnel traps by land-area treatment to the twelve semiochemical baits in the jack pine cover type (C). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 156 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 3

Mean (+ SE) number of checkered beetles (Cleridae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of Cleridae per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (B). Mean (+ SE) number of Cleridae per 15 d caught in funnel traps by land-area treatment to the twelve semiochemical baits in the jack pine cover type (C). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 156 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 4

Mean (+ SE) number of metallic woodborers (Buprestidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 68 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 5

Mean (+ SE) number of eastern larch beetles, Dendroctonus simplex LeConte (Scolytidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of D. simplex per 15 d caught in funnel traps by land-area treatment to the 11 semiochemical lures or unbaited control in the jack pine cover type (B). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 139 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 6

Mean (+ SE) number of the checkered beetle, Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Cleridae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of T. dubius per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (B). Mean (+ SE) number of T. dubius per 15 d caught in funnel traps by land-area treatment to the twelve semiochemical baits in the jack pine cover type (C). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(–)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 157 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 7

Mean (+ SE) number of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Scolytidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of I. pini per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps by land-area treatment in the jack pine cover type (B). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 118 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 8

Mean (+ SE) number of Ips perroti Swaine (Scolytidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of I. perroti per 15 d caught in funnel traps by land-area treatment to the 11 semiochemical lures and unbaited control in the jack pine cover type (B). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 137 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 9

Mean (+ SE) number of the metallic woodborer, Buprestis maculativentris Say (Buprestidae) (A) and the checkered beetle, Thanasimus nubilus (Klug) (Cleridae) (B) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 84 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 10

Mean (+ SE) number of the longhorned beetle, Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus (Say) (Cerambycidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of M. s. scutellatus per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (B). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 104 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 11

Mean (+ SE) number of the bark beetle, Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzeburg) (Scolytidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of Dr. autographus per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (B). Mean (+ SE) number of Dr. autographus per 15 d caught in funnel traps by land-area treatment to the 11 semiochemical lures and unbaited control in the jack pine cover type (C). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 157 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 12

Mean (+ SE) number of the four-eyed spruce beetle, Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) (A) and the metallic woodborer, Chalcophora virginiensis (Drury) (Buprestidae) (B) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the undisturbed, wind-disturbed, salvaged, and burned plots in the jack pine forest cover type. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 84 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 13

Mean (+ SE) number of Hylurgops rugipennis pinifex (Fitch) (Scolytidae) per 15 d caught during 2001–2003 in baited (11 semiochemical lures) or unbaited funnel traps in the jack pine cover type (A). Mean (+ SE) number of H. r. pinifex per 15 d caught in funnel traps by land-area treatment to the 11 semiochemical lures and unbaited control in the jack pine cover type (B). Key: U-Unbaited; DR-Dryocoetes spp.; DRU- Dendroctonus rufipennis (2001 only); DS- Dendroctonus simplex (2002 and 2003 only); DV- Dendroctonus valens; DV-PH- Dendroctonus valens-Phero Tech (2002 and 2003 only); IG-Ips grandicollis; IPERRM-Ips perroti-(−)-ipsdienol; IPERRP-Ips perroti-(+)-ipsdienol; IPERT-Ips perturbatus; IPI-Ips pini; W- Woodborers. For 2001, N ranges from 103 to 108; for 2002, N ranges from 100 to 109; and for 2003, N ranges from 86 to 93 for each semiochemical treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 139 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 14

Estimated mean number of subcortical insect species trapped in 2000 in funnel traps in the aspen/birch/conifer and jack pine cover types from rarefaction analysis (by land-area treatment). The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 97 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 15

Estimated mean number of subcortical insect species trapped in 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the jack pine cover type from rarefaction analysis (by land-area treatment. The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 94 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 16

Estimated mean number of subcortical insect species trapped in 2000 in funnel traps in the aspen/birch/conifer and jack pine cover types from rarefaction analysis (by semiochemical treatment). The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 178 kb)

Supplemental Data Fig. 17

Estimated mean number of subcortical insect species trapped in 2001–2003 in funnel traps in the jack pine cover type from rarefaction analysis (by semiochemical treatment). The lines in this figure are not intended to show continuous data; rather they are intended to highlight the differences or similarities between means, and to facilitate the ability of the reader to observe the interactions between the factors across multiple data sets. (PPT 131 kb)

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Gandhi, K.J.K., Gilmore, D.W., Haack, R.A. et al. Application of Semiochemicals to Assess the Biodiversity of Subcortical Insects following an Ecosystem Disturbance in a Sub-boreal Forest. J Chem Ecol 35, 1384–1410 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9724-3

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