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First thorough identification of factors associated with Cd, Hg and Pb concentrations in mosses sampled in the European Surveys 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005

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Abstract

The aim of this study was, for the first time ever, to thoroughly identify the factors influencing Cd, Hg and Pb concentrations in mosses sampled within the framework of the European Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys 1990–2005. These investigations can be seen as a follow up of a previous study where only the moss data recorded in the survey 2005 was included in the analysis (Schröder et al. 2010). The analyses of this investigation give a complete overview on the statistical association of Cd, Hg and Pb concentrations in mosses and sampling site-specific and regional characteristics, encompassing data from 4661 (1990), 7301 (1995), 6764 (2000) and 5600 (2005) sampling sites across Europe. From the many metals monitored in the European moss surveys, Cd, Hg and Pb were used as examples, since only for these three metals deposition measurements are being recorded in the framework of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). As exemplary case studies revealed that other factors besides atmospheric deposition of metals influence the element concentrations in mosses, the moss datasets of the above mentioned surveys were analysed by means of bivariate statistics and decision tree analysis in order to identify factors influencing metal bioaccumulation. In the analyses we used the metadata recorded during the sampling as well as additional geodata on, e.g., depositions, emissions and land use. Bivariate Spearman correlation analyses showed the highest correlations between Cd and Pb concentrations in mosses and EMEP modelled total deposition data (0.62 ≤ rs ≤ 0.73). For Hg the correlations with all the tested factors were considerably lower (e.g. total deposition r s  ≤ 0.24). Decision tree analyses by means of Classification and Regression Trees (CART) identified the total deposition as the statistically most significant factor for the Cd and Pb concentrations in the mosses in all four monitoring campaigns. For Hg, the most significant factor in 1990 as identified by CART was the distance to the nearest Hg source recorded in the European Pollutant Emission Register, in 1995 and 2000 it was the analytical method, and in 2005 it was the sampled moss species. The strong correlations between the Cd and Pb concentrations in the mosses and the total deposition can be used to calculate deposition maps with a regression kriging approach on the basis of surface maps on the element concentrations in the mosses.

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Notes

  1. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

  2. International Cooperative Programme on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops

  3. These advanced techniques include instrumental methods like AMA 245, CV-AAS and PS200 Mercury-Analyser.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra; contract EPG 1/3/170, EPG 1/3/205, AQ03509 and AQ0810), the UNECE (Trust Fund) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for funding the ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre at CEH Bangor, UK. The contributions of many more scientists and all the funding bodies in each country are gratefully acknowledged (for full details see Rühling (1994), Rühling and Steinnes (1998), Buse et al. (2003) and Harmens et al. (2008a)).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Vechta, PO Box 1553, 49364, Vechta, Germany

    Marcel Holy, Roland Pesch & Winfried Schröder

  2. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK

    Harry Harmens

  3. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East of EMEP, Krasina pereulok, 16/1, 123056, Moscow, Russia

    Ilia Ilyin

  4. Environmental Agency of Bolzano, 39055, Laives, Italy

    Renate Alber

  5. International Sakharov Environmental University, Minsk, Belarus

    Yuliya Aleksiayenak

  6. National Botanical Garden, Academy of Science of Ukraine, Timiryazevs’ka St, 1, 01014, Kyiv, Ukraine

    Oleg Blum

  7. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey

    Mahmut Coşkun

  8. Food, Veterinary and Environmental Agency, Falkavegur 6, 100, Tórshavn (Faroe Islands), Denmark

    Maria Dam

  9. Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium

    Ludwig De Temmerman

  10. Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Centre, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation

    Natalia Fedorets

  11. Jardim Botânico da Universidada de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Rui Figueira

  12. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency, Maskavas Str. 165, Riga, LV 1019, Latvia

    Marina Frolova

  13. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 141980, Dubna, Russia

    Marina Frontasyeva

  14. St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation

    Natalia Goltsova

  15. University of Navarra, Irunlarrea No 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain

    Laura Gonzalez Miqueo & Jesus Santamaria

  16. Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31512, Krakow, Poland

    Krystyna Grodzińska

  17. Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Zvonka Jeran

  18. Katowice, Poland

    Szymon Korzekwa

  19. Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Obradovica 4, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Miodrag Krmar

  20. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kirkkosaarentie 7, 91500, Muhos, Finland

    Eero Kubin & Juha Piispanen

  21. Institute of Physics, Savanoriu Ave 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Kestutis Kvietkus

  22. National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark

    Martin Larsen

  23. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, Case 39, 75005, Paris, France

    Sébastien Leblond

  24. Tallinn Botanic Garden, Kloostrimetsa tee 52, 11913, Tallinn, Estonia

    Siiri Liiv

  25. Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Hlemmur 3, 125, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Sigurður Magnússon

  26. Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Science, Štefánikova Str. 3, 814 99, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Blanka Maňkovská

  27. University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania

    Raluca Mocanu

  28. Humlekärrshultsvägen 10, 572 41, Oskarshamn, Sweden

    Åke Rühling

  29. Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Eiliv Steinnes

  30. Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Kvetnove namesti 391, 252 43, Pruhonice, Czech Republic

    Ivan Suchara

  31. FUB-Research Group for Environmental Monitoring, Alte Jonastrasse 83, 8640, Rapperswil, Switzerland

    Lotti Thöni

  32. Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary

    Gábor Turcsányi

  33. Saints Cyril and Methodius University, PO Box 162, 1000, Skopje, FYR Macedonia

    Viktor Urumov

  34. University of Technology, RID, Delft, The Netherlands

    Bert Wolterbeek

  35. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G.Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Lilyana Yurukova

  36. University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Harald G. Zechmeister

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  1. Marcel Holy
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Correspondence to Roland Pesch.

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Holy, M., Pesch, R., Schröder, W. et al. First thorough identification of factors associated with Cd, Hg and Pb concentrations in mosses sampled in the European Surveys 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. J Atmos Chem 63, 109–124 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-010-9160-3

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