Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Parental and peer support in adolescents with a chronic condition: a typological approach and developmental implications

  • Published:
Journal of Behavioral Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Research has consistently demonstrated that contextual support is crucial towards the psychological functioning of adolescents with chronic conditions. However, the literature has predominantly focused on parental support instead of adopting an integrated approach to parental and peer support. The present manuscript with two longitudinal studies in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and congenital heart disease examined the extent to which different clusters of maternal, paternal, and peer support at baseline were related to well- and ill-being over time. In both studies, four clusters emerged: combined support, parental support, peer support, and lack of support. Follow-up longitudinal analyses indicated that especially combined support from parents and peers proved to be of crucial importance towards psychological functioning. The present studies demonstrated the value of a typological approach for assessing social support in adolescents with chronic conditions. In addition to focusing on parental support, future research should assess peer support as well in these adolescents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Burlington.

  • Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyers, W. (2001). The detachment debate: The separation-adjustment link in adolescence. (Doctoral Dissertation), KU Leuven, Leuven.

  • Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouma, J. (1995). Het meten van symptomen van depressie met de CES-D: Een handleiding [The measurement of symptoms of depression with the CESD: A manual] Noordelijk Centrum voor Gezondheidsvraagstukken, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. 1: Attachment. New York: New York Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J., Skinner, M., Gelfand, D., Berg, C., & Wiebe, D. (2007). Maternal parenting style and adjustment in adolescents with type I diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 1227–1237. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm065

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carcone, A. I., Ellis, D. A., Naar-King, S., & Weisz, A. (2011). Social support for diabetes illness management: Supporting adolescents and caregivers. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32, 581–590. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822c1a27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676–684.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2004). Changing relationships, changing youth interpersonal contexts of adolescent development. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 55–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1, 151–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enders, C. K., & Little, T. D. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, J. S., Peyrot, M., McCarl, L. A., Collins, E. M., Serpa, L., Mimiaga, M. J., & Safren, S. A. (2008). Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 31, 2398–2403.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gore, P. A. J. (2000). In H. E. A. Tinsley & S. D. Brown (Eds.), Handbook of applied multivariate statistics and mathematical modeling (pp. 297–321). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, K., Loar, R., Anderson, B. J., & Heptulla, R. A. (2006). The role of socioeconomic status, depression, quality of life, and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of pediatrics, 149, 526–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helgeson, V. S., Palladino, D. K., Reynolds, K. A., Becker, D. J., Escobar, O., & Siminerio, L. (2014). Relationships and health among emerging adults with and without Type 1 diabetes. Health Psychology, 33, 1125–1133. doi:10.1037/a0033511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helgeson, V. S., Snyder, P. R., Escobar, O., Siminerio, L., & Becker, D. (2007). Comparison of adolescents with and without diabetes on indices of psychosocial functioning for three years. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 794–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karsdorp, P. A., Everaerd, W., Kindt, M., & Mulder, B. J. M. (2007). Psychological and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 527–541. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl047

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, D., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods and Research, 44, 486–507. doi:10.1177/0049124114543236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, P. S., Berg, C. A., Butner, J., Drew, L. M., Foster, C., Donaldson, D., & Wiebe, D. J. (2012). Longitudinal trajectories of metabolic control across adolescence: Associations with parental involvement, adolescents’ psychosocial maturity, and health care utilization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 491–496.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practices of structural equation modelling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, S., Stinson, J., van Wyk, M., Giosa, L., & Luca, S. (2014). Systematic review of peer support interventions for adolescents with chronic illness. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 7, 183–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, A. H., Sears, S. F., & Saidi, A. S. (2005). Biopsychosocial experiences of adults with congenital heart disease: Review of the literature. American Heart Journal, 150, 193–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Auslander, W. F., Greco, P., Spetter, D., Fisher, E. B., & Santiago, J. V. (1995). I get by with a little help from my family and friends: Adolescents’ support for diabetes care. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 449–476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, B., & Mooney, K. S. (2008). Relationship network quality: Adolescent adjustment and perceptions of relationships with parents and friends. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 47–53. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.78.1.47

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lösel, F., Bliesener, T., & Köferl, P. (1991). Erlebens- und Verhaltensprobleme bei Jugendlichen: Deutsche Adaptation und kulturvergleichende Uberprüfung der Youth Self-Report Form der Child Behaviour Checklist. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, 2, 22–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, K., Goossens, E., Rassart, J., Apers, S., Vanhalst, J., & Moons, P. (2012a). Parental support, internalizing symptoms, perceived health status, and quality of life in adolescents with congenital heart disease: Influences and reciprocal effects. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 145–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, K., Goossens, E., Van Damme, C., & Moons, P. (2011a). Identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease: A forgotten issue in the transition to adulthood. Cardiology in the Young, 21, 411–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, K., Missotten, L., Goossens, E., & Moons, P. (2012b). Individual and contextual determinants of quality of life in adolescents with congenital heart disease. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 122–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, K., & Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2009). Continuity and change in glycemic control trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood relationships with family climate and self-concept in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32, 797–801.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, K., Tildesley, E. A., Soenens, B., Andrews, J. A., Hampson, S. E., Peterson, M., & Duriez, B. (2011b). Parenting and trajectories of children’s maladaptive behaviors: A 12-year prospective community study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 468–478.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S. C., Korones, S. B., & Berendes, H. W. (1971). Congenital heart disease in 56,109 births incidence and natural history. Circulation, 43, 323–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moons, P. (2004). Why call it health-related quality of life when you mean perceived health status? European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 3, 275–277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moons, P., Bovijn, L., Budts, W., Belmans, A., & Gewillig, M. (2010). Temporal trends in survival to adulthood among patients born with congenital heart disease from 1970 to 1992 in Belgium. Circulation, 122, 2264–2272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moons, P., Van Deyk, K., De Bleser, L., Marquet, K., Raes, E., De Geest, S., & Budts, W. (2006). Quality of life and health status in adults with congenital heart disease: A direct comparison with healthy counterparts. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 13, 407–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Offer, D., Ostrov, E., Howard, K., & Dolan, S. (1989). A manual for the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for adolescents (OSIQ) (4th ed.). Chicago, IL: Michael Reese Hospital.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 695–708. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinquart, M. (2013). Do the parent-child relationship and parenting behaviors differ between families with a child with and without chronic illness? A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38, 708–721. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapkin, B. D., & Schwartz, C. E. (2004). Toward a theoretical model of quality-of-life appraisal: Implications of findings from studies of response shift. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes,. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-2-14

    Google Scholar 

  • Rassart, J., Luyckx, K., Apers, S., Goossens, E., & Moons, P. (2012). Identity dynamics and peer relationship quality in adolescents with a chronic disease: The sample case of congenital heart disease. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 33, 625–632. doi:10.1097/DBP

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., Parker, J. G., & Bowker, J. C. (2008). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups (p. 3). Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schludermann, E. H., & Schludermann, S. M. (1988). Children’s report on parent behavior (CRPBI-108, CRPBI-30) for older children and adolescents (Tech. Rep.). Winnipeg, MB, Canada: University of Manitoba, Department of Psychology.

  • Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1990). Developmental processes in self-concept in adolescence. In B. Harke & J. Sandy (Eds.), Coping and self-concept in adolescence (pp. 50–68). Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2001). Diabetic adolescents and their families: Stress, coping, and adaptation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S., & Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1997). Fathers and adolescents: Developmental and clinical perspectives (p. 1997). London: London Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spirito, A., DeLawyer, D. D., & Stark, L. J. (1991). Peer relations and social adjustment of chronically ill children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 539–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzark, K., Jones, K., Burwinkle, T. M., & Varni, J. W. (2003). The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ in children with heart disease. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology, 18, 141–148. doi:10.1016/S1058-9813(03)00087-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Linde, D., Konings, E. E. M., Slager, M. A., Witsenburg, M., Helbing, W. A., Takkenberg, J. J. M., & Roos-Hesselink, J. W. (2011). Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58, 2241–2247. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vander Velde, B. J. M., Vriend, B. J. M., Mannens, B. J. M., Uiterwaal, B. J. M., Brand, B. J. M., & Mulder, B. J. M. (2005). CONCOR, an initiative towards a national registry and DNA-bank of patients with congenital heart disease in the Netherlands: Rationale, design, and first results. European Journal of Epidemiology, 20, 549–557. doi:10.1007/s10654-005-4264-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallander, J. L., & Varni, J. W. (1989). Social support and adjustment in chronically ill and handicapped children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 185–201. doi:10.1007/BF00931007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warnes, C. A., Liberthson, R., Danielson, G. K., Dore, A., Harris, L., Hoffman, J. I. E., & Webb, G. D. (2001). Task force 1: The changing profile of congenital heart disease in adult life. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 5, 1170–1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Funding was provided through research project G.0B35.14N Granted by FWO Flanders to the last author

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Leen Oris, Philip Moons, Jessica Rassart, Eva Goossens & Koen Luyckx

  2. Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    Inge Seiffge-Krenke

  3. University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Philip Moons

  4. The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Philip Moons

  5. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Liesbet Goubert

Authors
  1. Leen Oris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Inge Seiffge-Krenke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Philip Moons
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Liesbet Goubert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jessica Rassart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Eva Goossens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Koen Luyckx
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leen Oris.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Leen Oris, Inge Seiffge-Krenke, Philip Moons, Liesbet Goubert, Jessica Rassart, Eva Goossens and Koen Luyckx declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and animal rights and Informed consent

All procedures followed were in accordance with ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Oris, L., Seiffge-Krenke, I., Moons, P. et al. Parental and peer support in adolescents with a chronic condition: a typological approach and developmental implications. J Behav Med 39, 107–119 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9680-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9680-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation