Skip to main content
Log in

Improving Responsiveness to Intervention for English-Language Learners: A Comparison of Instructional Pace on Letter Naming Rates

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Behavioral Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An alternating treatments design was used to compare the effects of a 1-s and a 5-s paced intervention on rates of letter naming by English Language Learners (ELL). Participants were four kindergarten students performing below the average letter naming level and learning rate than other ELL classmates. The fast paced intervention consisted of a 1-s paced letter modeling and 1-s response wait time combined with a 1-s intertrial interval. Alternatively, the slower paced intervention consisted of 5-s modeling, response wait time, and intertrial intervals. For three students, the 5-s paced intervention resulted in greater increases in letter naming rates as compared to the 1-s intervention and baseline condition. All students first obtained the mastery criterion level during the 5-s intervention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • August, D., & Hakuta, K. (1997). Educating language minority students. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darch, C., & Gersten, R. (1985). The effects of teacher presentation rate and praise on LD students’ oral reading performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 55, 295–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Vecchio, A., & Guerreo, M. (1995). Handbook of english language proficiency tests. Albuquerque, NM: Evaluation Assistance Center, Western Region.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, S. M., & Cross, C. T. (2002). Minority students in special and gifted education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, S. N., Witt, J. C., Galvin, G. A., & Moe, G. L. (1986). Children’s involvement in intervention selection: Acceptability of interventions for misbehaving peers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17, 235–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, J. (1995). English-as-a-second language learners’ cognitive reading processes: A review of research in the United States. Review of Educational Research, 65, 145–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, L. (2003). Assessing intervention responsiveness: Conceptual and technical issues. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 172–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., & Young, C. L. (2003). Responsiveness-to-intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implication for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 157–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García, G. E. (2000). Bilingual children’s reading. In M. Kamil & P. Mosenthal (Eds.), Handbook of reading research, Vol. III (pp. 813–834). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R., & Baker, S. (2000). What we know about effective instructional practices for English-language learners. Exceptional Children, 66, 454–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R., & Baker, S. (2003). English-language learners with learning disabilities. In H. L. Swanson & K. R. Harris (Eds.), Handbook of learning disabilities (pp. 94–109). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R., & Marks, S. U. (1998). Strategies for teaching English-language learners. In K. R. Harris & S. Graham (Eds.), Teaching every child every day: Learning in diverse schools and classrooms (pp. 208–249). Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersten R., & Woodward, J. (1994). The language-minority student and special education: Issues, trends, and paradoxes. Exceptional Children, 60, 310–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, R. H., Gruba, J., & Kaminski, R. (2001). Best practices using Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) in an outcomes-driven model. In A. Thomas & J. Grimes (Eds.), Best practices in school psychology IV (pp. 679–700). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, R. H., & Kaminski, R. (2002). Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills 6th Edition (DIBELS). Eugene, OR: Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement. Available at http:///dibels.uoregon.edu.

  • Good, R. H., & Shinn, M. R (1990). Forecasting accuracy of slope for reading curriculum-based measurement: Empirical evidence. Behavioral Assessment, 12, 179–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, R., Simmons, D., Kame’enui, E., Kaminski, R., & Wallin, J. (2002). Summary of decision rules for intensive, strategic, and benchmark instructional recommendations in kindergarten through third grade (Technical Report No. 11). Eugene, OR: University of Oregon.

  • Gresham, F. M. (2002). Responsiveness to intervention: An alternative approach to the identification of learning disabilities. In R. Bradley & L. Danielson (Eds.), Identification of learning disabilities: Research to practice (pp. 467–519). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. W., & Tinzmann, M. B. (1989). Sources of improved recall during the school years. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 315–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez, R. T., García, G. E., & Pearson, P. D. (1996). The reading strategies of bilingual Latina/o students who are successful English readers: Opportunities and obstacles. Reading Research Quarterly, 31, 90–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Dunlap, G., & Dyer, K. (1980). Intertrial interval duration and learning in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 91–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martella, R. C., Nelson, R., & Marchand-Martella, N. E. (1999). Research methods: Learning to become a critical consumer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCray, A., & García, S. B. (2002). The stories we must tell: Developing a research agenda for multicultural and bilingual special education. Qualitative Studies in Education, 15, 559–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohena, E. I., Jitendra, A. K., & Browder, D. M. (2002). Comparison of the effects of Spanish and English constant time delay instruction on sight word reading by Hispanic learners with mental retardation. The Journal of Special Education, 36, 169–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, C., Adamson, K. L., Woodward, J. R., Jackson, R. R., Atchison, L. A., & Mims, J. W. (1993). A comparison of fast-rate, slow-rate, and silent previewing interventions on reading performance. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 674–681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, C. H., Belfiore, P. J., Mace, H. W., & Williams-Wilson, S. (1997). Altering response topography to increase response efficiency and learning rates. School Psychology Quarterly, 12, 54–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, C. H., Fletcher, P. A., & Henington, C. (1996). Increasing learning rates by increasing student response rates: A summary of research. School Psychology Quarterly, 11, 313–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, C., Smith, E. S., & McLean, J. (1994). The effects of intertrial interval duration on sight-word learning rates in children with behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 19, 98–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, K. (1987). The role of wait time in higher cognitive level learning. Review of Educational Research, 57, 69–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanderHeyden, A. M., Witt, J. C., & Gilbertson, D. (2006). Effect of a problem-solving model on identification of children for special education. Manuscript accepted in Journal of School Psychology.

  • Vaughn, S., & Fuchs, L. (2003). Redefining learning disabilities as inadequate response to instruction: The promise and pitfalls. Learning Disability Research & Practice, 18, 137–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, T. S., & Ray, K. P. (1997). The effects of different units of measurement on instructional decision making. School Psychology Quarterly, 12, 42–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Donna Gilbertson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gilbertson, D., Bluck, J. Improving Responsiveness to Intervention for English-Language Learners: A Comparison of Instructional Pace on Letter Naming Rates. J Behav Educ 15, 131–147 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-006-9013-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-006-9013-y

Keywords

Navigation