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Functional recovery in spinal cord injured rats using polypyrrole/iodine implants and treadmill training

  • Biocompatibility Studies
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Abstract

Currently, there is no universally accepted treatment for traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), a pathology that can cause paraplegia or quadriplegia. Due to the complexity of TSCI, more than one therapeutic strategy may be necessary to regain lost functions. Therefore, the present study proposes the use of implants of mesoparticles (MPs) of polypyrrole/iodine (PPy/I) synthesized by plasma for neuroprotection promotion and functional recovery in combination with treadmill training (TT) for neuroplasticity promotion and maintenance of muscle tone. PPy/I films were synthesized by plasma and pulverized to obtain MPs. Rats with a TSCI produced by the NYU impactor were divided into four groups: Vehicle (saline solution); MPs (PPy/I implant); Vehicle-TT (saline solution + TT); and MPs-TT (PPy/I implant + TT). The vehicle or MPs (30 μL) were injected into the lesion site 48 h after a TSCI. Four days later, TT was carried out 5 days a week for 2 months. Functional recovery was evaluated weekly using the BBB motor scale for 9 weeks and tissue protection using histological and morphometric analysis thereafter. Although the MPs of PPy/I increased nerve tissue preservation (P = 0.03) and promoted functional recovery (P = 0.015), combination with TT did not produce better neuroprotection, but significantly improved functional results (P = 0.000) when comparing with the vehicle group. So, use these therapeutic strategies by separately could stimulate specific mechanisms of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, but when using together they could mainly potentiate different mechanisms of neuronal plasticity in the preserved spinal cord tissue after a TSCI and produce a significant functional recovery.

Graphical Abstract

The implant of mesoparticles of polypyrrole/iodine into the injured spinal cord displayed good integration into the nervous tissue without a response of rejection, as well as an increased in the amount of preserved tissue and a better functional recovery than the group without transplant after a traumatic spinal cord injury by contusion in rats. The relevance of the present results is that polypyrrole/iodine implants were synthesized by plasma instead by conventional chemical or electrochemical methods. Synthesis by plasma modifies physicochemical properties of polypyrrole/iodine implants, which can be responsible of the histological response and functional results. Furthermore, no additional molecules or trophic factors or cells were added to the implant for obtain such results. Even more, when the implant was used together with physical rehabilitation, better functional recovery was obtained than that observed when these strategies were used by separately.

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Acknowledgments

The work was supported by Instituto Mexicanos del Seguro Social (IMSS), Grant No. FIS/IMSS/PROT/G11/943 and by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Grant No. 47467. Laura Alvarez received a scholarship from CONACyT (No. 172211). The authors thank María del Carmen Baltazar for her invaluable technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electric Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55-534, CP 09340, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Laura Alvarez-Mejia, Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano, Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama & Omar Fabela-Sánchez

  2. Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06703, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Laura Alvarez-Mejia, Stephanie Sánchez-Torres & Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos

  3. Department of Physics, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55-534, CP 09340, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Juan Morales & Roberto Olayo

  4. Department of Physics, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carr. México-Toluca, km 36.5, CP 52750, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, Mexico

    Guillermo J. Cruz & María-Guadalupe Olayo

  5. Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, CP 14269, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Araceli Díaz-Ruíz, Camilo Ríos & Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano

  6. Division of Biological Sciences and Health, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55-534, CP 09340, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Stephanie Sánchez-Torres

  7. Proyecto Camina A.C., Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, Col. Toriello Guerra, CP 14050, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Laura Alvarez-Mejia, Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano, Stephanie Sánchez-Torres, Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama, Omar Fabela-Sánchez & Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos

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  1. Laura Alvarez-Mejia
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  2. Juan Morales
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Correspondence to Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos.

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Alvarez-Mejia, L., Morales, J., Cruz, G.J. et al. Functional recovery in spinal cord injured rats using polypyrrole/iodine implants and treadmill training. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 26, 209 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-015-5541-0

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