Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of fibroblast culture in three-dimensional activated carbon fiber-based scaffold for wound healing

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work developed a novel bi-layer wound dressing composed of 3D activated carbon fibers that allows facilitates fibroblast cell growth and migration to a wound site for tissue reconstruction, and the gentamicin is incorporated into a poly(γ-glutamic acid)/gelatin membrane to prevent bacterial infection. In an in vitro, field emission scanning electron microscopy shows that rat skin fibroblasts appeared and spread on the surface of activated carbon fibers, and penetrated the interior and exterior of the 3D activated carbon fiber construct to a depth of roughly 200 μm. An in vivo analysis shows that fibroblast cells containing the proposed 3D scaffold had the potential of a biologically functionalized dressing to accelerate wound closure. Additionally, fibroblasts migrated to the wound site in a bi-layer wound dressing containing fibroblasts, enhancing fibronectin and type I collagen expression, resulting in faster skin regeneration than that achieved with a Tegaderm™ hydrocolloid dressing or gauze.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chung AS, Kao WJ. Fibroblasts regulate monocyte response to ECM-derived matrix: the effects on monocyte adhesion and the production of inflammatory, matrix remodeling, and growth factor proteins. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009;89:841–53.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Liang Y, Liu W, Han B, Yang C, Ma Q, Zhao W, Rong M, Li H. Fabrication and characters of a corneal endothelial cells scaffold based on chitosan. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2011;22:175–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Gong F, Cheng X, Wang S, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Cai H. Heparin-immobilized polymers as non-inflammatory and non-thrombogenic coating materials for arsenic trioxide eluting stents. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:534–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Velander P, Theopold C, Bleiziffer O, Bergmann J, Svensson H, Feng Y, Eriksson E. Cell suspensions of autologous keratinocytes or autologous fibroblasts accelerate the healing of full thickness skin wounds in a diabetic porcine wound healing model. J Surg Res. 2009;157:14–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dasdia T, Bazzaco S, Bottero L, Buffa R, Ferrero S, Campanelli G, Dolfini E. Organ culture in 3-dimensional matrix: in vitro model for evaluating biological compliance of synthetic meshes for abdominal wall repair. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;43:204–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ishaug SL, Crane GM, Miller MJ, Yasko AW, Yaszemski MJ, Mikos AG. Bone formation by three-dimensional stromal osteoblast culture in biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res. 1997;36:17–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Whang K, Thomas CH, Healy KE. A novel method to fabricate bioabsorbable scaffolds. Polymer. 1995;36:837–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mikos AG, Thorsen AJ, Czerwonka LA, Bao Y, Langer R, Winslow DN. Preparation and characterization of poly(l-lactic acid) foams. Polymer. 1994;35:1068–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nam YS, Park TG. Biodegradable polymeric microcellular foams by modified thermally induced phase separation method. Biomaterials. 1999;20:1783–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Maspero FA, Ruffieux K, Müller B, Wintermantel E. Resorbable defect analog PLGA scaffolds using CO2 as solvent: structural characterization. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002;62:89–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Osswald S, Yushin G, Mochalin V, Kucheyev SO, Gogotsi Y. Control of sp 2/sp 3 carbon ratio and surface chemistry of nanodiamond powders by selective oxidation in air. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128:11635–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hayden LA, Watson EB. Grain boundary mobility of carbon in earth’s mantle: a possible carbon flux from the core. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:8537–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kwiecinska B, Petersen HI. Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification-ICCP system. Int J Coal Geol. 2004;57:99–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lin JH, Ko TH, Lin YH, Pan CK. Various treated conditions to prepare porous activated carbon fiber for application in super capacitor electrodes. Energy Fuels. 2009;23:4668–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lee J, Kim J, Hyeon T. Recent progress in the synthesis of porous carbon materials. Adv Mater. 2006;18:2073–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Le Pape H, Solano-Serena F, Contini P, Devillers C, Maftah A, Leprat P. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the bactericidal activity of activated carbon fibre supporting silver; bactericidal activity of ACF(Ag) mediated by ROS. J Inorg Biochem. 2004;98:1054–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chakravarthi A, Srinivas CR, Mathew AC. Activated charcoal and baking soda to reduce odor associated with extensive blistering disorders. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:122–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Du XN, Niu Z, Zhou GZ, Li ZM. Effect of activated charcoal on endotoxin adsorption. Part I. An in vitro study. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs. 1987;15:229–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yushin G, Hoffman EN, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y, Howell CA, Sandeman SR, Phillips GJ, Lloyd AW, Mikhalovsky SV. Mesoporous carbide-derived carbon with porosity tuned for efficient adsorption of cytokines. Biomaterials. 2006;27:5755–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cieślik M, Mertas A, Morawska-Chochól A, Sabat D, Orlicki R, Owczarek A, Król W, Cieślik T. The evaluation of the possibilities of using PLGA co-polymer and its composites with carbon fibers or hydroxyapatite in the bone tissue regeneration process-in vitro and in vivo examinations. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10:3224–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. McKenzie JL, Waid MC, Shi R, Webster TJ. Decreased functions of astrocytes on carbon nanofiber materials. Biomaterials. 2004;25:1309–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Viguier E, Bignon A, Laurent F, Goehrig D, Boivin G, Chevalier J. A new concept of gentamicin loaded HAP/TCP bone substitute for prophylactic action: in vivo pharmacokinetic study. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2011;22:879–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Elsner JJ, Berdicevsky I, Zilberman M. In vitro microbial inhibition and cellular response to novel biodegradable composite wound dressings with controlled release of antibiotics. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:325–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pavlukhina S, Lu Y, Patimetha A, Libera M, Sukhishvili S. Polymer multilayers with pH-triggered release of antibacterial agents. Biomacromolecules. 2010;11:3448–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Junge K, Klinge U, Rosch R, Lynen P, Binnebösel M, Conze J, Mertens PR, Schwab R, Schumpelick V. Improved collagen type I/III ratio at the interface of gentamicin-supplemented polyvinylidenfluoride mesh materials. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2007;392:465–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lin YH, Lin JH, Peng SF, Yeh CL, Chen WC, Chang TL, Liu MJ, Lai CH. Multifunctional gentamicin supplementation of poly(γ-glutamic acid)-based hydrogels for wound dressing application. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011;120:1057–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Rnjak J, Li Z, Maitz PK, Wise SG, Weiss AS. Primary human dermal fibroblast interactions with open weave three-dimensional scaffolds prepared from synthetic human elastin. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6469–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Stephanson CJ, Flanagan GP. Antioxidant capacity of silica hydride: a combinational photosensitization and fluorescence detection assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;35:1129–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee WR, Park JH, Kim KH, Kim SJ, Park DH, Chae MH, Suh SH, Jeong SW, Park KK. The biological effects of topical alginate treatment in an animal model of skin wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2009;17:505–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Balakrishnan B, Mohanty M, Fernandez AC, Mohanan PV, Jayakrishnan A. Evaluation of the effect of incorporation of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate in an in situ-forming hydrogel wound dressing based on oxidized alginate and gelatin. Biomaterials. 2006;27:1355–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Richard A, Margaritis A. Poly(glutamic acid) for biomedical applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2001;21:219–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pal K, Banthia AK, Majumdar DK. Biomedical evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin esterified hydrogel for wound dressing. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2007;18:1889–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Petrenko YA, Ivanov RV, Petrenko AY, Lozinsky VI. Coupling of gelatin to inner surfaces of pore walls in spongy alginate-based scaffolds facilitates the adhesion, growth and differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2011;22:1529–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Izumi Y, Yamamoto M, Kawamura M, Adachi T, Kobayashi K. Cross-linked poly (gamma-glutamic acid) attenuates peritoneal adhesion in a rat model. Surgery. 2007;141:678–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Matsushita A, Iwase M, Kato Y, Ichihara S, Ichihara G, Kimata H, Hayashi K, Hashimoto K, Yokoi T, Noda A, Koike Y, Yokota M, Nagata K. Differential cardiovascular effects of endotoxin derived from Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exp Anim. 2007;56:339–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Karyoute SM. Burn wound infection in 100 patients treated in the burn unit at Jordan university hospital. Burns. 1898;15:117–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Bryan LE, Van Den Elzen HM. Effects of membrane-energy mutations and cations on streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation by bacteria: a model for entry of streptomycin and gentamicin in susceptible and resistant bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977;12:163–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yoshizawa S, Fourmy D, Puglisi JD. Structural origins of gentamicin antibiotic action. EMBO J. 1998;17:6437–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nayak S, Nalabothu P, Sandiford S, Bhogadi V, Adogwa A. Evaluation of wound healing activity of Allamanda cathartica L. and Laurus nobilis L. extracts on rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;6:12–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sardari K, Kakhki EG, Mohri M. Evaluation of wound contraction and epithelialization after subcutaneous administration of Theranekron® in cows. Comp Clin Pathol. 2007;16:197–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nodder S, Martin P. Wound healing in embryos: a review. Anat Embryol. 1997;195:215–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sardari K, Sharifi S. Effect of collagen cross-linking inhibition by local application of beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate on wound contraction and healing (macroscopic study). Comp Clin Pathol. 2008;17:179–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Stashak TS, Farstvedt E, Othic A. Update on wound dressing: indications and best use. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2004;3:148–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kerihuel JC. Effect of activated charcoal dressings on healing outcomes of chronic wounds. J Wound Care. 2010;19:208–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran M, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2008;29:4532–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ciardelli G, Chiono V, Vozzi G, Pracella M, Ahluwalia A, Barbani N, Cristallini C, Giusti P. Blends of poly-(epsilon-caprolactone) and polysaccharides in tissue engineering applications. Biomacromolecules. 2005;6:1961–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fidkowski C, Kaazempur-Mofrad M, Borenstein J, Vacanti JP, Langer R, Wang Y. Endothelialized microvasculature based on a biodegradable elastomer. Tissue Eng. 2005;11:302–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Suzuki M. Activated carbon fiber: fundamentals and applications. Carbon. 1994;32:577–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Currie LJ, Sharpe JR, Martin R. The use of fibrin glue in skin grafts and tissue-engineered skin replacements: a review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:1713–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Brown LF, Dubin D, Lavigne L, Logan B, Dvorak HF, Van de Water L. Macrophages and fibroblasts express embryonic fibronectins during cutaneous wound healing. Am J Pathol. 1993;142:793–801.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. McAuslan BR, Hannan GN, Reilly W, Stewart FH. Variant endothelial cells. Fibronectin as a transducer of signals for migration and neovascularisation. J Cell Physiol. 1980;104:177–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. McAuslan BR, Hannan GN, Reilly W. Signals causing change in morphological phenotype, growth mode, and gene expression of vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 1982;112:96–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. San Antonio JD, Lander AD, Karnovsky MJ, Slayter HS. Mapping the heparin-binding sites on type I collagen monomers and fibrils. J Cell Biol. 1994;125:1179–88.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Byrne EM, Farrell E, McMahon LA, Haugh MG, O’Brien FJ, Campbell VA, Prendergast PJ, O’Connell BC. Gene expression by marrow stromal cells in a porous collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffold is affected by pore size and mechanical stimulation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19:3455–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Throm AM, Liu WC, Lock CH, Billiar KL. Development of a cell-derived matrix: effects of epidermal growth factor in chemically defined culture. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;92:533–41.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Science Council (NSC 97-2320-B-039-002-MY3 and NSC100-2628-E-003-MY3) and China Medical University (CMU 99-S-08 and CMU-100-S-23). The activated carbon fiber experiment supported by the Bio-Medical Carbon Technology Co., Ltd. and the Leica TSC SP2 confocal spectral microscopy experiment supported by the Medical Research Core Facilities center, Office of Research and Development, China Medical University were gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Cosmetology and Graduate Institute of Cosmetic Science, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Wen-Ying Huang

  2. Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Chia-Lin Yeh

  3. Bio-Medical Carbon Technology Co., Ltd, Taichung, Taiwan

    Jui-Hsiang Lin

  4. Departments of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Jai-Sing Yang

  5. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Tse-Hao Ko

  6. Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Yu-Hsin Lin

Authors
  1. Wen-Ying Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chia-Lin Yeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jui-Hsiang Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jai-Sing Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tse-Hao Ko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yu-Hsin Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yu-Hsin Lin.

Additional information

Wen-Ying Huang and Chia-Lin Yeh have contributed equally to this work.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huang, WY., Yeh, CL., Lin, JH. et al. Development of fibroblast culture in three-dimensional activated carbon fiber-based scaffold for wound healing. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 23, 1465–1478 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-012-4608-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-012-4608-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation