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Synthesis and characterization of tyramine-based hyaluronan hydrogels

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Abstract

Hyaluronan is particularly attractive for tissue engineering and repair because it: (1) is a normal component of the extracellular matrices of most mammalian tissues; (2) contributes to the biological and physical functions of these tissues; and (3) possesses excellent biocompatibility and physiochemical properties. In the present study, we characterize a two-step enzymatic cross-linking chemistry for production of tyramine-based hyaluronan hydrogels using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, enzymatic digestion, and spectroscopy including absorbance, fluorescence and 1H NMR. Substitution on hyaluronan of tyramine and other adducts from unproductive side reactions depends on the molar ratio of tyramine to carbodiimide used during the substitution (step 1) reaction. Results indicate that relatively low tyramine substitution is required to form stable hydrogels, leaving the majority of hyaluronan disaccharides unmodified. Sufficient native HA structure is maintained to allow recognition and binding by b-HABP, a HA binding complex typically found in normal cartilage biology. Hydrogels were formed from tyramine-substituted hyaluronan through a peroxidase-dependent cross-linking (step 2) reaction at hyaluronan concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml and above. Uncross-linked tyramine-substituted hyaluronan was characterized after hyaluronidase SD digestion. Cross-linked hydrogels showed increased resistance to digestion by testicular hyaluronidase and hyaluronidase SD with increasing hyaluronan concentration. Cells directly encapsulated within the hydrogels during hydrogel cross-linking remained metabolically active during 7 days of culture similar to cells cultured in monolayer.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience and the Cleveland Clinic for their generous financial support. The authors would also like to acknowledge Christine Harris, Christine Roche, and Melanie Moore for their technical assistance, and Dr. Thomas Gerkin for his contribution to the NMR data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

    Aniq Darr & Anthony Calabro

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Aniq Darr

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Correspondence to Anthony Calabro.

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Darr, A., Calabro, A. Synthesis and characterization of tyramine-based hyaluronan hydrogels. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 20, 33–44 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-008-3540-0

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