Abstract
Lead-free perovskite materials Barium Magnesium Titanate (BMT) and composite of BMT/Ga2O3were prepared using environment friendly low temperature method. XRD peak profile analysis of pure BMT and nanocomposite of BMT/Ga2O3 to determine the crystallite size have been carried out using various calculations methods like Scherrer, Williamson–Hall, and Size–Strain plot. The crystallite size was found to increase with the addition of Ga2O3 in BMT. Moreover, XRD patterns reveal the pure and crystalline phase of the prepared samples. Raman study of BMT and BMT/Ga2O3 are showing the tetragonal symmetry. SEM studies revealed that the addition of Ga2O3 accelerates the grain growth of BMT whereas EDX indicated that there is no significant trace of any impurity and confirmed the stoichiometric presence of the expected elements within the sample. SAED patterns demonstrate broad concentric rings, which confirm the presence of crystalline powder. P–E hysteresis loop confirms the ferroelectric behaviour of the samples with increase in remnant polarization and the increase in coercive field.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.
References
R.N. Perumal, V. Athikesavan, Studies on 0.95 Bi0.5 (Na0.40K0.10) TiO3–0.05 (Ba0.7Sr0.3) TiO3 ceramics for piezoelectric applications under different sintering temperature. Ferroelectrics 540(1), 65–71 (2019)
H. Palneedi et al., Lead-based and lead-free ferroelectric ceramic capacitors for electrical energy storage, in Ferroelectric materials for energy harvesting and storage. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2020), pp. 279–356
Y. Slimani et al., (BaTiO3) 1–x+ (Co0.5Ni0.5Nb0.06Fe1.94O4) x nanocomposites: structure, morphology, magnetic and dielectric properties. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17931
M. Shandilya et al., Modification of structural and electrical properties of Ca element on barium titanate nano-material synthesized by hydrothermal method. Ferroelectrics 520(1), 93–109 (2017)
M. Lal et al., Dielectric Relaxation in baTiO3 based Perovskite. in Smart materials for smart living. (Nova Science Publisher, 2017), pp. 345–363
Y. Slimani et al., Study on the addition of SiO2 nanowires to BaTiO3: structure, morphology, electrical and dielectric properties. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 156, 110183 (2021)
M. Mhareb et al., Structural and radiation shielding properties of BaTiO3 ceramic with different concentrations of bismuth and ytterbium. Ceram. Int. 46(18), 28877–28886 (2020)
G.A. Kaur, S. Kumar, M. Shandilya, Fabrication of piezoelectric nanogenerator based on P (VDF-HFP) electrospun nanofiber mat-impregnated lead-free BCZT nanofillers. J. Mater. Sci. 31(22), 20303–20314 (2020)
Y. Slimani et al., Investigation of structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and dielectric properties of (1–x) BaTiO3/xSr0.92Ca0.04Mg0.04Fe12O19 composites. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 510, 166933 (2020)
Y. Slimani et al., Role of WO 3 nanoparticles in electrical and dielectric properties of BaTiO 3–SrTiO 3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 31(10), 7786–7797 (2020)
M. Shandilya, G.A. Kaur, R. Rai, Low temperature consequence on structural and impedance properties of BST ceramics via sol-hydrothermal method. Mater. Chem. Phys. 263, 124422 (2021)
Y. Slimani et al., Study of tungsten oxide effect on the performance of BaTiO 3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 30(14), 13509–13518 (2019)
M. Arshad et al., Fabrication, structure, and frequency-dependent electrical and dielectric properties of Sr-doped BaTiO3 ceramics. Ceram. Int. 46(2), 2238–2246 (2020)
Y. Slimani et al., Impact of ZnO addition on structural, morphological, optical, dielectric and electrical performances of BaTiO 3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 30(10), 9520–9530 (2019)
Y. Slimani et al., Frequency and dc bias voltage dependent dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of BaTiO3SrTiO3/(SiO2) x nanocomposites. Ceram. Int. 45(9), 11989–12000 (2019)
Y. Slimani et al., Impact of planetary ball milling parameters on the microstructure and pinning properties of polycrystalline superconductor Y3Ba5Cu8Oy. Cryogenics 92, 5–12 (2018)
E. Hannachi et al., Higher intra-granular and inter-granular performances of YBCO superconductor with TiO2 nano-sized particles addition. Ceram. Int. 44(15), 18836–18843 (2018)
S. Gopalan, K. Mehta, A.V. Virkar, Synthesis of oxide perovskite solid solutions using the molten salt method. J. Mater. Res. 11(8), 1863–1865 (1996)
W. Haron, A. Wisitsoraat, S. Wongnawa, Nanostructured perovskite oxides–LaMO3 (M= Al Co, Fe) prepared by co-precipitation method and their ethanol-sensing characteristics. Ceram. Int. 43(6), 5032–5040 (2017)
M. Rakibuddin, H. Kim, M.E. Khan, Graphite-like carbon nitride (C3N4) modified N-doped LaTiO3 nanocomposite for higher visible light photocatalytic and photo-electrochemical performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 452, 400–412 (2018)
S.H. Lee et al., Preparation of LaCoO3 with high surface area for catalytic combustion by spray-freezing/freeze-drying method, in Studies in surface science and catalysis. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004), pp. 463–468
M. Almessiere et al., Sonochemical synthesis and physical properties of Co0.3Ni0.5Mn0.2EuxFe2−xO4 nano-spinel ferrites. Ultrason. Sonochem. 58, 104654 (2019)
Y. Cao et al., Magnetization switching of rare earth orthochromite CeCrO3. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(23), 232405 (2014)
Y. Slimani et al., Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4TbxFe2-xO4 nanospinel ferrites: ultrasonic synthesis and physical properties. Ultrason. Sonochem. 59, 104757 (2019)
Y. Slimani et al., Structural, magnetic, optical properties and cation distribution of nanosized Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4TmxFe2−xO4 (0.0≤ x≤ 0.10) spinel ferrites synthesized by ultrasound irradiation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 57, 203–211 (2019)
E. Devi et al., Quantification of charge carriers participating antiferromagnetic to weak ferromagnetic phase transition in Na doped LaFeO3 nano multiferroics. J. Appl. Phys. 124(8), 084102 (2018)
E. Hannachi et al., Dissipation mechanisms in polycrystalline YBCO prepared by sintering of ball-milled precursor powder. Physica B 430, 52–57 (2013)
M. Almessiere, Y. Slimani, A. Baykal, Structural and magnetic properties of Ce-doped strontium hexaferrite. Ceram. Int. 44(8), 9000–9008 (2018)
Y. Slimani et al., Magneto-optical and microstructural properties of spinel cubic copper ferrites with Li-Al co-substitution. Ceram. Int. 44(12), 14242–14250 (2018)
J. Ma, X. Liu, W. Li, High piezoelectric coefficient and temperature stability of Ga2O3-doped (Ba0.99Ca0.01)(Zr0.02Ti0.98) O3 lead-free ceramics by low-temperature sintering. J. Alloys Compd. 581, 642–645 (2013)
X. Dong et al., Structure, dielectric and energy storage properties of BaTiO3 ceramics doped with YNbO4. J. Alloy. Compd. 744, 721–727 (2018)
M. Shandilya, R. Rai, A. Zeb, Structural and dielectric relaxor properties of Ba1-x Mg x TiO3 ceramics prepared through a hydrothermal route. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 117(5), 255–263 (2018)
S. Akhtar et al., Synthesis of Mn0.5Zn0.5SmxEuxFe1.8−2xO4 nanoparticles via the hydrothermal approach induced anti-cancer and anti-bacterial activities. Nanomaterials 9(11), 1635 (2019)
E. Hannachi et al., Fluctuation induced conductivity studies in YBa2Cu3Oy compound embedded by superconducting nano-particles Y-deficient YBa2Cu3Oy: effect of silver inclusion. Indian J. Phys. 90(9), 1009–1018 (2016)
Y. Slimani et al., Comparative study of electrical transport and magnetic measurements of Y3Ba5Cu8O18±δ and YBa2Cu3O7−δ compounds: intragranular and intergranular superconducting properties. Appl. Phys. A 124(2), 91 (2018)
M.A. Almessiere et al., A study on the spectral, microstructural, and magnetic properties of Eu–Nd double-substituted Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19 hexaferrites synthesized by an ultrasonic-assisted approach. Ultrason. Sonochem. 62, 104847 (2020)
M. Lal et al., Study of structural and magnetoelectric properties of 1–x (Ba 0.96 Ca 0.04 TiO3)–x (ZnFe2 O4) ceramic composites. J. Mater. Sci. 29(1), 80–85 (2018)
A. Stokes, A. Wilson, A method of calculating the integral breadths of Debye-Scherrer lines. Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. (1942). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100021988
Z. Jian-Min et al., Young’s modulus surface and Poisson’s ratio curve for tetragonal crystals. Chin. Phys. B 17(5), 1565 (2008)
D.E. Gray, American Institute of Physics Handbook (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972)
R. Das, S. Sarkar, X-ray diffraction analysis of synthesized silver nanohexagon for the study of their mechanical properties. Mater. Chem. Phys. 167, 97–102 (2015)
K. Seevakan et al., Structural, magnetic and electrochemical characterizations of Bi2Mo2O9 nanoparticle for supercapacitor application. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 486, 165254 (2019)
O.G. Grendal et al., Controlled growth of SrxBa1-xNb2O6 hopper-and cube-shaped nanostructures by hydrothermal synthesis. Chemistry (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202000373
M. Shandilya, R. Rai, J. Singh, Review: hydrothermal technology for smart materials. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 115(6), 354–376 (2016)
M. Shandilya, R. Rai, J. Singh, Review: hydrothermal technology for smart materials. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 115, 354–376 (2016)
V. Sharma et al., Growth mechanism of rGO/CDs by electrospun calcination process: structure and application. FlatChem 24, 100195 (2020)
A. Sobhani, M. Salavati-Niasari, Synthesis and characterization of FeSe2 nanoparticles and FeSe2/FeO (OH) nanocomposites by hydrothermal method. J. Alloy. Compd. 625, 26–33 (2015)
M.R. Koblischka et al., Microstructure and fluctuation-induced conductivity analysis of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ δ (Bi-2212) nanowire fabrics. Crystals 10(11), 986 (2020)
M. Shandilya, G.A. Kaur, Low temperature crystal growth of lead-free complex perovskite nano-structure by using sol-gel hydrothermal process. J. Solid State Chem. 280, 120988 (2019)
Y. Slimani et al., Comparative study of electrical transport and magnetic measurements of Y 3 Ba 5 Cu 8 O 18±δ and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ compounds: intragranular and intergranular superconducting properties. Appl. Phys. A 124(2), 1–10 (2018)
M. Wang et al., Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel derived (Ba, Ca) (Ti, Zr) O3 nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci. 23(3), 753–757 (2012)
A. Mamakhel et al., Continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis of rutile SnO2 nanoparticles: exploration of pH and temperature effects. J. Supercrit. Fluids 166, 105029 (2020)
M. Almessiere, Y. Slimani, A. Baykal, Structural, morphological and magnetic properties of hard/soft SrFe12-xVxO19/(Ni0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4) y nanocomposites: effect of vanadium substitution. J. Alloys Compd. 767, 966–975 (2018)
N.G. Khlebtsov et al., Gap-enhanced Raman tags: fabrication, optical properties, and theranostic applications. Theranostics 10(5), 2067 (2020)
E.K. Nyutu et al., Effect of microwave frequency on hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline tetragonal barium titanate. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(26), 9659–9667 (2008)
A.D. Korkmaz et al., Microstructural, optical, and magnetic properties of vanadium-substituted nickel spinel nanoferrites. J. Supercond. Novel Magn. 32(4), 1057–1065 (2019)
Q. Hu et al., Achieve ultrahigh energy storage performance in BaTiO3–Bi (Mg1/2Ti1/2) O3 relaxor ferroelectric ceramics via nano-scale polarization mismatch and reconstruction. Nano Energy 67, 104264 (2020)
M. Shandilya, R. Verma, Impedance modulated dielectric and magnetic properties of BCT-NF multiferroic composite. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 527, 167782 (2021)
G.A. Kaur et al., Structural and optical amendment ofPVDF into CQDsthrough high temperature calcination process. Mater. Lett. 304, 130616 (2021)
M. Frey et al., The role of interfaces on an apparent grain size effect on the dielectric properties for ferroelectric barium titanate ceramics. Ferroelectrics 206(1), 337–353 (1998)
A. Kumar et al., Poling electric field dependent domain switching and piezoelectric properties of mechanically activated (Pb 0.92 La 0.08)(Zr 0.60 Ti 0.40) O 3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 26(6), 3757–3765 (2015)
M. Mahesh, V.B. Prasad, A. James, Enhanced dielectric and ferroelectric properties of lead-free Ba (Zr0.15Ti0.85) O3 ceramics compacted by cold isostatic pressing. J. Alloys Compd. 611, 43–49 (2014)
A.I. Ali, C.W. Ahn, Y.S. Kim, Enhancement of piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3 ceramics by aluminum doping. Ceram. Int. 39(6), 6623–6629 (2013)
A. Thakre et al., Artificially induced normal ferroelectric behaviour in aerosol deposited relaxor 65PMN–35PT thick films by interface engineering. J. Mater. Chem. C 9(10), 3403–3411 (2021)
B.C. Keswani et al., Correlation between structural, ferroelectric, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3-xBaTi0.8Zr0.2O3 (x = 0.45, 0.55) ceramics. Ceram. Int. 44(17), 20921–20928 (2018)
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan (H. P.) for providing financial aid and laboratory facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors state that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaur, G.A., Kumar, S., Thakur, S. et al. Structural and ferroelectric growth of Ba0.85Mg0.15TiO3–Ga2O3 ceramic through hydrothermal method. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 23631–23644 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06854-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06854-x