Abstract
Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) and rGO–ZnO nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by hydrothermal and solvothermal method, respectively. Powder XRD and Raman spectroscopy studies confirmed the formation of nanocomposites. The nanostructures of samples were imaged and found that ZnO nanoparticles covered over rGO sheets. The reduction of various oxygen containing functional groups attached on the few layered graphitic planes and the presence of oxygen vacancies in nanocomposites were confirmed by XPS. The relative contribution of PL emission bands in composites arises due to the existence of intrinsic defects. The M–H curve of rGO sheets and rGO–ZnO nanocomposites exhibit ferromagnetic behavior. The decrease of magnetization in composites owing to increases the rGO ratio leads to decrease the oxygen vacancies in the surface of ZnO nanopaticles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.A. Garcia, J.M. Merino, E. Fernndez Pinel, A. Quesada, J. de la Venta, M.L. Ruz Gonzlez, G.R. Castro, P. Crespo, J. Llopis, J.M. Gonzlez-Calbet, A. Hernando, Magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 7, 1489–1494 (2007)
T. Dietl, Dilute magnetic semiconductors: functional ferromagnets. Nature Mater. 2, 646–648 (2003)
T. Kataoka, M. Kobayashi, Y. Sakamoto, G.S. Song, A. Fujimori, F.-H. Chang, H.-J. Lin, D.J. Huang, C.T. Chen, T. Ohkochi, Y. Takeda, T. Okane, Y. Saitoh, H. Yamagami, A. Tanaka, S.K. Mandal, T.K. Nath, D. Karmakar, I. Dasgupta, Electronic structure and magnetism of the diluted magnetic semiconductor Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 107, 033718 (2010)
H. Gu, W. Zhang, Y. Xu, M. Yan, Effect of oxygen deficiency on room temperature ferromagnetism in Co doped ZnO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 202401 (2012)
G. Srinet, R. Kumar, V. Sajal, Structural, optical, vibrational, and magnetic properties of sol-gel derived Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 114, 033912 (2013)
S.U. Awan, S.K. Hasanain, M.F. Bertino, G.H. Jaffari, Ferromagnetism in Li doped ZnO nanoparticles: the role of interstitial Li. J. Appl. Phys. 112, 103924 (2012)
T.-L. Phan, Y.D. Zhang, D.S. Yang, N.X. Nghia, T.D. Thanh, S.C. Yu, Defect-induced ferromagnetism in ZnO nanoparticles prepared by mechanical milling. Appl. Phys.Lett. 102, 072408 (2013)
X. Xu, C. Xu, J. Dai, J. Hu, F. Li, S. Zhang, Size dependence of defect-induced room temperature ferromagnetism in undoped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 8813–8818 (2012)
B.B. Stramual, S.G. Protasova, A.A. Mazilkin, G. Schutz, E. Goering, B. Baretzky, P.B. Straumal, Ferromagnetism of zinc oxide nanograined films. JETP Lett. 97, 6 (2013)
P. Kumar, H.K. Malik, K. Asokan, Tuning of optical band gap and magnetization of C- implanted ZnO thin films. EPL 110, 67006 (2015)
S. Deng, H. Fan, M. Wang, M.M. Zheng, J. Yi, R. Wu. H. Tan, C. Sow, J. Ding, Y. Feng, K. Loh, Thiol-Capped ZnO nanowires/nanotube arrays with tunable ferromagnetic properties at room temperature. ACS Nano. 4, 495–505 (2010)
Y.-C. Chen, Z. Wang, A. Leineweber, J. Baier, T. Tietze, F. Phillipp, G. Schutz, E. Goering, Effect of surface configurations on the room-temperature magnetism of pure ZnO. J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 4166 (2016)
J. Chaboy, R. Boada, C. Piquer, M.A. Laguna-Marco, M. García-Hernández, N. Carmona, J. Llopis, M.L. Ruíz-González, J. González-Calbet, J.F. Fernández, M.A. García, Evidence of intrinsic magnetism in capped ZnO nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. B 82, 064411 (2010)
G. Jayalakshmi, N. Gopalakrishnan, T. Balasubramanian, Activation of room temperature ferromagnetism in ZnO films by surface functionalization with thiol and amine. J. Alloy. Compd. 551, 667–671 (2013)
Z. Xiang, J. Qian, Y. Zhou, F. Liu, C. Qi, X. Shi, G. Wang, S. Ye, Synthesis of quasi-core–shell Co-doped ZnO/graphene nanoparticles. Mater. Lett. 161, 286–288 (2015)
N. Tu, N.H. Dung, N.T. Lan, K.T. Nguyen, N.D. Dung, D.X. Viet, N.T. Tuan, H.V. Bui, D.V. Nam, P.T. Huy, N. Saito, Enhanced ferromagnetism in graphite-like carbon layer-coated ZnO crystals. J. Alloy. Compd. 695, 233–237 (2017)
F. Akbar, M. Kolahdouz, Sh Larimian, B. Radfar, H.H. Radamson, Graphene synthesis, characterization and its applications in nanophotonics, nanoelectronics and nanosensing. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 4347–4379 (2015)
H.A.M. Vozmediano, L.P.M. Sancho, T. Stauber, F. Guinea, Local defects and ferromagnetism in graphene layers. Phys. Rev. B 72, 155121 (2005)
R.L. Radovic, B. Bockrath, On the chemical nature of graphene edges: Origin of stability and potential for magnetism in carbon materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 5917–5927 (2005)
Y. Wang, Y. Huang et al., Room-temperature ferromagnetism of graphene. Nano Lett. 9, 220–224 (2009)
S. Qin, P. Sun, Q. Di, S. Zhou, C. Yang, Q. Xu, Ferromagnetism of three-dimensional graphene framework. RSC Adv. 5, 92899–92904 (2015)
Z. Sun, X. Yang, C. Wang, T. Yao, L. Cai, W. Yan, Y. Jiang, F. Hu, J. He, Z. Pan, Q. Liu, S. Wei, Graphene activating room-temperature ferromagnetic exchange in cobalt-doped ZnO dilute magnetic semiconductor quantum dots. ACS Nano. 8, 10589–10596 (2014)
A. Prakash, S.K. Misra, D. Bahadur, The role of reduced graphene oxide capping on defect induced ferromagnetism of ZnO nanorods. Nanotechnology. 24, 095705 (2013)
K. Thiyagarajan, K. Sivakumar, Oxygen vacancy-induced room temperature ferromagnetism in graphene–SnO2 nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 52, 8084–8096 (2017)
K. Thiyagarajan, M. Muralidharan, K. Sivakumar, Defects-induced magnetism in WO3 and reduced graphene oxide-WO3 nanocomposites. J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 31, 117–125 (2018)
G. Khurana, N. Kumar, R.K. Kotnala, T. Nautiyal, R.S. Katiyar, Temperature tuned defect induced magnetism in reduced graphene oxide. Nanoscale 5, 3346–3351 (2013)
Y. Bu, Z. Chen, W. Li, B. Hou, Highly efficient photocatalytic performance of Graphene—ZnO quasi-shell—core composite material., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 12361–12368 (2013)
Y. Zhou, Q. Bao, L.A.L. Tang, Y. Zhong, P.K. Loh, Hydrothermal dehydration for the “Green” reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide to graphene and demonstration of tunable optical limiting properties. Chem. Mater. 21, 2950–2956 (2009)
S. Qin, X. Guo, Y. Cao, Z. Ni, Q. Xu, Strong ferromagnetism of reduced graphene oxide. Carbon. 78, 559–565 (2014)
T.N. Reddy, J. Manna, R.K. Rana, Polyamine-mediated interfacial assembly of rGO-ZnO nanostructures: a bio-inspired approach and enhanced photocatalytic properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7, 19684–19690 (2015)
D.I. Son, B.W. Kwon, D.H. Park, W.-S. Seo, Y. Yi, B. Angadi, C.-L. Lee, W.K. Choi, Emissive ZnO–graphene quantum dots for white-light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 465–471 (2012)
A. Prakash, D. Bahadur, The role of ionic electrolytes on capacitive performance of ZnO-reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids with thermally tunable morphologies. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 1394–1405 (2014)
Z. Gao, J. Zhang, Y. Fu, J. Xu, D. Qi, Xue, Room temperature ferromagnetism of pure ZnO nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Let. 105, 113928 (2009)
X. Pan, M.-Q. Yang, Y.-J. Xu, Morphology control, defect engineering and photoactivity tuning of ZnO crystals by graphene oxide—a unique 2D macromolecular surfactant. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 5589–5599 (2014)
X. Xue, L. Liu, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, Room-temperature ferromagnetism in hydrogenated ZnO nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 115, 033902 (2014)
S. Ghose, A. Sarkar, S. Chattopadhyay, M. Chakrabarti, D. Das, T. Rakshit, S.K. Ray, D. Jana, Surface defects induced ferromagnetism in mechanically milled nanocrystalline ZnO. J. Appl. Phys. 114, 073516 (2013)
R.K. Biroju, N. Tilak, G. Rajender, S. Dhara, P.K. Giri, Catalyst free growth of ZnO nanowires on graphene and graphene oxide and its enhanced photoluminescence and photoresponse. Nanotechnology 26, 145601 (2015)
T. Taniguchi, H. Yokoi, M. Nagamine, H. Tateishi, A. Funatsu, K. Hatakeyama, C. Ogata, M. Ichida, H. Ando, M. Koinuma, Y. Matsumoto, Correlated optical and magnetic properties in photoreduced graphene oxide. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 28258–28265 (2014)
T. Tang, N. Tang, Y. Zheng, X. Wan, Y. Liu, F. Liu, Q. Xu, Y. Du, Robust magnetic moments on the basal plane of the graphene sheets effectively induced by OH groups. Sci. Rep. 5, 8448 (2015)
A. Diamantopoulo, S. Glenis, G. Zolnierkiwicz, N. Guskos, V. Likodimos, Magnetism in pristine and chemically reduced graphene oxide. J. Appl. Phys. 121, 043906 (2017)
K. Bagani, M.K. Ray, B. Satpati, N. R.Ray, M. Sarder, S. Banerjee, Contrasting magnetic properties of thermally and chemically reduced graphene oxide. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 13254–13259 (2014)
D. Lee, J. Seo, Magnetic frustration of graphite oxide. Sci. Rep. 7, 44690 (2017)
J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. Sun, Y. Zheng, N. Tang, Y. Du, Creation of localized spins in graphene by ring-opening of epoxy derived hydroxyl. Sci. Rep. 6, 26862 (2016)
K. Bagani, A. Bhattacharya, J. Kaur, A. Rai Chowdhury, B. Ghosh, M. Sardar, S. Banerjee, Anomalous behavior of magnetic coercivity in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. J. Appl. Phys. 115, 023902 (2014)
S. Qin, Q. Xu, Room temperature ferromagnetismin N2 plasma treated graphene oxide. J. Alloy. Compd. 692, 332–338 (2017)
B. Panigrahy, M. Aslam, D.S. Misra, M. Ghosh, D. Bahadur, Defect-related emissions and magnetization properties of ZnO nanorods. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 1161–1165 (2010)
W. Liu, W. Li, Z. Hu, Z. Tang, X. Tang, Effect of oxygen defects on ferromagnetic of undoped ZnO. J. Appl. Phys. 110, 013901 (2011)
P. Zhan, W. Wang, C. Liu, Z. Li, Z. Zhang, P. Zhang, B. Wang, X. Cao, oxygen vacancy-induced ferromagnetism in un-doped ZnO thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 111, 033501 (2012)
T. Tietze, P. Audehm, Y.-C. Chen, G. Schtz, B.B. Straumal, S.G. Protasova, A.A. Mazilkin, P.B. Straumal, T. Prokscha, H. Luetkens, Z. Salman, A. Suter, B. Baretzky, K. Fink, W. Wenzel, D. Danilov, E. Goering, Interfacial dominated ferromagnetism in nanograined ZnO: a µSR and DFT study. Sci. Rep. 5, 8871 (2015)
Z. Li, W. Zhong, X. Li, H. Zeng, G. Wang, W. Wang, Z. Yang, Y. Zhang, Strong room-temperature ferromagnetism of ZnO nanostructure arrays via colloidal template. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 6807–6812 (2013)
K. Saravanan, G. Jayalakshmi, S. Chandra, B.K. Panigrahi, R. Krishnan, B. Sundaravel, S. Annapoorani, D.K. Shukla, P. Rajput, D. Kanjilal, The influence of carbon concentration on the electronic structure and magnetic properties of carbon implanted ZnO thin films. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 13316–13323 (2017)
X. Battle, A. Labarta, Finite-size effects in fine particles: magnetic and transport properties. J. Phys. D 35, R15–R42 (2002)
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledged to Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology (IITM), Madras for this support on characterization of samples.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thiyagarajan, K., Muralidharan, M. & Sivakumar, K. Interfacial ferromagnetism in reduced graphene oxide–ZnO nanocomposites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29, 7442–7452 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-8735-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-8735-7