Abstract
Single-crystalline TiO2 nanorods (TiO2 NRs) are grown directly on FTO substrates by hydrothermal methods. The diameters and lengths of TiO2 NRs are easily controlled by growth conditions. When used in hybrid solar cells, TiO2 NRs function as the continuous pathway for fast electron transport to charge collecting electrode, demonstrating a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.21% with 140 nm long TiO2 NRs. The bilayer polymer coating are introduced into 500 nm long TiO2 NRs to reduce the surface roughness, resulting in the improved contact between the polymer blend and silver electrode and an enhanced PCE from 2.70 to 3.07%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C.Y. Kuo, C. Gau, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 053302 (2009)
E.D. Spoerke, M.T. Lloyd, E.M. McCready, D.C. Olson, Y.J. Lee, J.W.P. Hsu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 213506 (2009)
C.H. Hsieh, Y.J. Cheng, P.J. Li, C.H. Chen, M. Dubosc, R.M. Liang, C.S. Hsu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 4887 (2010)
H. Hoppe, M. Niggemann, C. Winder, J. Kraut, R. Hiesgen, A. Hinsch, D. Meissner, N.S. Sariciftci, Adv. Funct. Mater. 14, 1005 (2004)
S. Gunes, H. Neugebauer, N.S. Sariciftci, Chem. Rev. 107, 1324 (2007)
H. Hoppe, N.S. Sariciftci, J. Mater. Chem. 16, 45 (2006)
Y.Y. Liang, Z. Xu, J.B. Xia, S.T. Tsai, Y. Wu, G. Li, C. Ray, L.P. Yu, Adv. Mater. 22, E135 (2010)
P.Y. Yang, X.Y. Zhou, G.Z. Cao, C.K. Luscombe, J. Mater. Chem. 20, 2612 (2010)
S. Yodyingyong, X.Y. Zhou, Q.F. Zhang, D. Triampo, J.T. Xi, K. Park, B. Limketkai, G.Z. Cao, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 21851 (2010)
G. Li, V. Shrotriya, J.S. Huang, Y. Yao, T. Moriarty, K. Emery, Y. Yang, Nat. Mater. 4, 864 (2005)
W.L. Ma, C.Y. Yang, X. Gong, K. Lee, A.J. Heeger, Adv. Funct. Mater. 15, 1617 (2005)
C.Y. Kuo, W.C. Tang, C. Gau, T.F. Guo, D.Z. Jeng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 033307 (2008)
Y.C. Huang, W.C. Yen, Y.C. Liao, Y.C. Yu, C.C. Hsu, M.L. Ho, P.T. Chou, W.F. Su, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 123501 (2010)
T. Ishwara, D.D.C. Bradley, J. Nelson, P. Ravirajan, I. Vanseveren, T. Cleij, D. Vanderzande, L. Lutsen, S. Tierney, M. Heeney, I. McCulloch, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053308 (2008)
J.S. Huang, C.Y. Chou, C.F. Lin, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 182 (2010)
S.K. Hau, H.L. Yip, A.K.Y. Jen, Polym. Rev. 50, 474 (2010)
K. Takanezawa, K. Hirota, Q.S. Wei, K. Tajima, K. Hashimoto, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 7218 (2007)
Q.S. Wei, K. Hirota, K. Tajima, K. Hashimoto, Chem. Mater. 18, 5080 (2006)
B. Liu, E.S. Aydil, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 3985 (2009)
A. Kumar, A.R. Madaria, C.W. Zhou, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 7787 (2010)
X.J. Feng, K. Shankar, O.K. Varghese, M. Paulose, T.J. Latempa, C.A. Grimes, Nano Lett. 8, 3781 (2008)
B.Y. Yu, A. Tsai, S.P. Tsai, K.T. Wong, Y. Yang, C.W. Chu, J.J. Shyue, Nanotechnology 19, 255202 (2008)
N.A. Deskins, M. Dupuis, Phys. Rev. B 75, 195212 (2007)
S. Kambe, S. Nakade, Y. Wada, T. Kitamura, S. Yanagida, J. Mater. Chem. 12, 723 (2002)
Acknowledgments
JTX gratefully acknowledges the fellowship from China Scholarship Council. And this work has been supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (21173042), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2011589), the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials and Engineering under Award No. DE-FG02-07ER46467 (Q.F.Z.) on the microstructure characterization and some power conversion efficiency measurements, National Science Foundation (DMR-1035196), Boeing-Steiner Endowment, University of Washington TGIF grant and Intel Corporation. The AFM analysis was performed at Prof. Jiangyu Li’s laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington. ZQL and OW also acknowledge the fellowship from China Scholarship Council and Thailand government, respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xi, J., Wiranwetchayan, O., Zhang, Q. et al. Growth of single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass for organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 23, 1657–1663 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-012-0643-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-012-0643-7