Abstract
Two charge monomers, namely 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-trimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC) and sodium methacrylate (SMA), were incorporated into poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels to investigate the effects of surface charge on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. The physicochemical properties of the polymers were characterized, and MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded on the hydrogels to evaluate the effect of charge polarity and density on osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation. FTIR results revealed that the two charged monomers were successfully incorporated into PEGDA. The zeta potential of the hydrogels became more positive or negative with increasing concentration of MAETAC or SMA. The zeta potential of the charged hydrogels remained constant after immersion in culture medium for different time points. Other physicochemical properties such as surface morphology, swelling ratio in PBS, contact angle, and elastic modulus were not significantly different among each group with different concentrations of charge monomers incorporated into PEGDA. The modification of hydrogels with charge monomers not only improved osteoblastic proliferation but also upregulated alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteogenic marker genes and relative growth factors. These findings indicate that, in contrast to charge polarity, the charge density would be more important to improve osteoblast-like cells proliferation and differentiation on the poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate hydrogel. The hydrogel can be designed by controlling the incorporation of charge monomers. This study provides a model to study the effect of charge on cell behavior.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Padial-Molina M, Galindo-Moreno P, Fernandez-Barbero JE et al (2011) Role of wettability and nanoroughness on interactions between osteoblast and modified silicon surfaces. Acta Biomater 7:771–778
Qu Y, Wang Y, Kong X et al (2014) Heat-treated membranes with bioelectricity promote bone regeneration. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 25:211–223
Gittens RA, Olivares-Navarrete R, Cheng A et al (2013) The roles of titanium surface micro/nanotopography and wettability on the differential response of human osteoblast lineage cells. Acta Biomater 9:6268–6277
Bacakova L, Filova E, Parizek M, Ruml T, Svorcik V (2011) Modulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on materials designed for body implants. Biotechnol Adv 29:739–767
Rapuano BE, MacDonald DE (2011) Surface oxide net charge of a titanium alloy: modulation of fibronectin-activated attachment and spreading of osteogenic cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 82:95–103
Anand G, Sharma S, Dutta AK, Kumar SK, Belfort G (2010) Conformational transitions of adsorbed proteins on surfaces of varying polarity. Langmuir 26:10803–10811
Liu L, Qin C, Butler WT, Ratner BD, Jiang S (2007) Controlling the orientation of bone osteopontin via its specific binding with collagen I to modulate osteoblast adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A 80:102–110
Khatib L, Golan DE, Cho M (2004) Physiologic electrical stimulation provokes intracellular calcium increase mediated by phospholipase C activation in human osteoblasts. FASEB J 18:1903–1905
Sun S, Liu Y, Lipsky S, Cho M (2007) Physical manipulation of calcium oscillations facilitates osteodifferentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. FASEB J 21:1472–1480
Tsai MT, Chang WH, Chang K, Hou RJ, Wu TW (2007) Pulsed electromagnetic fields affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in bone tissue engineering. Bioelectromagnetics 28:519–528
Haxhinasto KB, English AE, Moy AB (2008) Equilibrium and non-equilibrium charge-dependent quantification of endothelial cell hydrogel scaffolds. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:1999–2008
Pernodet N, Rafailovich M, Sokolov J, Xu D, Yang NL, McLeod K (2003) Fibronectin fibrillogenesis on sulfonated polystyrene surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 64:684–692
Lee MH, Ducheyne P, Lynch L, Boettiger D, Composto RJ (2006) Effect of biomaterial surface properties on fibronectin-α5 β1 integrin interaction and cellular attachment. Biomaterials 27:1907–1916
Slaughter BV, Khurshid SS, Fisher OZ, Khademhosseini A, Peppas NA (2009) Hydrogels in regenerative medicine. Adv Mater 21:3307–3329
Zhu J (2010) Bioactive modification of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 31:4639–4656
Mari-Buye N, O’Shaughnessy S, Colominas C, Semino CE, Gleason KK, Borros S (2009) Functionalized swellable hydrogel layers as a platform for cell studies. Adv Funct Mater 19:1276–1286
Tan F, Xu X, Deng T, Yin M, Zhang X, Wang J (2012) Fabrication of positively charged poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate hydrogel as a bone tissue engineering scaffold. Biomed Mater 7:055009. doi:10.1088/1748-6041/7/5/055009
Nakamura S, Kobayashi T, Nakamura M, Itoh S, Yamashita K (2010) Electrostatic surface charge acceleration of bone ingrowth of porous hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res A 92:267–275
Ingavle GC, Gehrke SH, Detamore MS (2014) The bioactivity of agarose-PEGDA interpenetrating network hydrogels with covalently immobilized RGD peptides and physically entrapped aggrecan. Biomaterials 35:3558–3570
Kato RB, Roy B, De Oliveira FS et al (2014) Nanotopography directs mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblast lineage through regulation of microRNA-SMAD-BMP-2 circuit. J Cell Physiol 229:1690–1696
Wang W, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Zhao L (2014) Involvement of ILK/ERK1/2 and ILK/p38 pathways in mediating the enhanced osteoblast differentiation by micro/nanotopography. Acta Biomater 10:3705–3715
Msc-R L, Sf M, Nt L et al (2016) Titanium with nanotopography induces osteoblast differentiation by regulating endogenous bone morphogenetic protein expression and signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 117:1718–1726
Kim JH, Jekarl DW, Kim M et al (2014) Effects of ECM protein mimetics on adhesion and proliferation of chorion derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Med Sci 11:298–308
Alamdari OG, Seyedjafari E, Soleimani M, Ghaemi N (2013) Micropatterning of ECM proteins on glass substrates to regulate cell attachment and proliferation. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 5:234–240
Salmeron-Sanchez M, Rico P, Moratal D, Lee TT, Schwarzbauer JE, Garcia AJ (2011) Role of material-driven fibronectin fibrillogenesis in cell differentiation. Biomaterials 32:2099–2105
Pham QP, Kasper FK, Scott Baggett L, Raphael RM, Jansen JA, Mikos AG (2008) The influence of an in vitro generated bone-like extracellular matrix on osteoblastic gene expression of marrow stromal cells. Biomaterials 29:2729–2739
Aubin JE, Liu F, Malaval L, Gupta AK (1995) Osteoblast and chondroblast differentiation. Bone 17:77S–83S
Franceschi RT (1999) The developmental control of osteoblast-specific gene expression: role of specific transcription factors and the extracellular matrix environment. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 10:40–57
Narayanan K, Srinivas R, Ramachandran A, Hao J, Quinn B, George A (2001) Differentiation of embryonic mesenchymal cells to odontoblast-like cells by overexpression of dentin matrix protein 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4516–4521
Ninomiya K, Miyamoto T, Imai J et al (2007) Osteoclastic activity induces osteomodulin expression in osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 362:460–466
Sechler JL, Rao H, Cumiskey AM et al (2001) A novel fibronectin binding site required for fibronectin fibril growth during matrix assembly. J Cell Biol 154:1081–1088
Hartvig RA, van de Weert M, Ostergaard J, Jorgensen L, Jensen H (2011) Protein adsorption at charged surfaces: the role of electrostatic interactions and interfacial charge regulation. Langmuir 27:2634–2643
Zhu J, Clark RA (2014) Fibronectin at select sites binds multiple growth factors and enhances their activity: expansion of the collaborative ECM-GF paradigm. J Invest Dermatol 134:895–901
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81570956), the Bureau of Science and Technology of Wuhan (2015060101010051, [2014]160), and Shandong Province Science and Technology Development Project (2014GSF121011).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tan, F., Liu, J., Song, K. et al. Effect of surface charge on osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation on a poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate hydrogel. J Mater Sci 53, 908–920 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1558-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1558-8