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Enzyme-free uric acid electrochemical sensors using β-cyclodextrin-modified carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon nanotubes

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Abstract

Carboxylic acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNT) were modified via ultrasonication with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to obtain a COOH-MWCNT:β-CD nanocomposite material for the purpose of developing an enzyme-free electrochemical sensor for uric acid—a clinically relevant molecule implemented in pregnancy-induced hypertension diagnosis. The nanocomposite material is deposited onto glassy carbon electrodes and subsequently capped with layers of Nafion and Hydrothane polyurethane. The surface morphology and electronic structure of the nanocomposite material were characterized using UV–Vis, TEM, and FTIR. The performance of the electrochemical sensor was measured through direct injection of UA during amperometry. With the high surface area of the COOH-MWCNT in concert with the selectivity provided by β-CD, the composite system outperforms similar COOH-MWCNT systems, displaying enhanced UA sensitivity versus films with only COOH-MWCNT. With the improved sensitivity (4.28 ± 0.11 µA mM−1) and fast response time (4.0 ± 0.5 s), the sensors offer wide detection of UA across clinically relevant ranges (100–700 μM) as well as demonstrated selectivity against various interferents.

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Acknowledgements

This research was generously supported by funding from the National Science Foundation (CHE–1401593), Commonwealth Health Research Board, the College of Arts and Sciences (MAS), and the Department of Chemistry’s Puryear–Topham–Pierce Endowment (SDG). We would like to specifically thank Microscopy Director Christine A. Lacy (TEM and SEM) for her important contributions to this work. We gratefully acknowledge the following people for making research possible at the University of Richmond: Drs. T. Leopold, R. Kanters, D. Kellogg, R. Miller, and R. Coppage, as well as Russ Collins, Phil Joseph, Mandy Mallory, and Lamont Cheatham.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23173, USA

      Mulugeta B. Wayu, Margaret A. Schwarzmann, Samuel D. Gillespie & Michael C. Leopold

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    1. Mulugeta B. Wayu
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    2. Margaret A. Schwarzmann
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    3. Samuel D. Gillespie
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    Correspondence to Michael C. Leopold.

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    Margaret A. Schwarzmann and Samuel D. Gillespie have contributed equally to this work.

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    Wayu, M.B., Schwarzmann, M.A., Gillespie, S.D. et al. Enzyme-free uric acid electrochemical sensors using β-cyclodextrin-modified carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon nanotubes. J Mater Sci 52, 6050–6062 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0844-9

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