Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dynamic modulus and strain wave velocity in ballistic fibre strands

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Strain wave propagation velocity in fibre materials is a primary consideration in the design of body armours for ballistic protection. In this paper, we compare the strain wave propagation (sonic) velocities and moduli of parallel and twisted ballistic fibre strands (yarns) derived from quasi-static tensile test and strain wave pulse test. In parallel multifilament yarns, the individual fibres behave independently from each other, and the yarn sonic velocities and moduli derived from the two test methods match each other very closely. In yarns with a twisted structure by twisting multifilament yarn or by spinning short fibres, fibres in the yarns are compressed against each other and fibre-to-fibre friction plays a significant role. Consequently, the yarn sonic velocities and moduli determined by the strain wave pulse method are significantly greater than that derived from the quasi-static tensile method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cheeseman BA, Bogetti TA (2003) Ballistic impact into fabric and compliant composite laminates. Compos Struct 61(1–2):161–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tabiei A, Nilakantan G (2008) Ballistic impact of dry woven fabric composites: a review. Appl Mech Rev 61(1):4567–4582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cavallaro PV (2011) Soft body armor: an overview of materials, manufacturing, testing, and ballistic impact dynamics. DTIC Document, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cunniff PM (1992) An analysis of the system effects in woven fabrics under ballistic impact. Text Res J 62(9):495–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Das S, Jagan S, Shaw A, Pal A (2015) Determination of inter-yarn friction and its effect on ballistic response of para-aramid woven fabric under low velocity impact. Compos Struct 120:129–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Manimala JM, Sun C (2014) Investigation of failure in Kevlar fabric under transverse indentation using a homogenized continuum constitutive model. Text Res J 84(4):388–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Duan Y, Keefe M, Bogetti T, Cheeseman B, Powers B (2006) A numerical investigation of the influence of friction on energy absorption by a high-strength fabric subjected to ballistic impact. Int J Impact Eng 32(8):1299–1312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Gu B (2003) Analytical modeling for the ballistic perforation of planar plain-woven fabric target by projectile. Compos Part B 34(4):361–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cunniff PM (1999) Dimensionless parameters for optimization of textile-based armour systems. 18th international symposium on Ballistics, 15–19 November 1999, San Antonio, pp 1303–1310

  10. Jacobs MJN, van Dingenen JLJ (2001) Ballistic protection mechanisms in personal armour. J Mater Sci 36:3137–3142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ballou JW, Silverman S (1944) Sound velocity measurements. Text Res J 14(9):282–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Charch WH, Moseley WW Jr (1959) Structure-property relationships in synthetic fibers: Part 1: structure as revealed by sonic observations. Text Res J 29:525–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Moseley W Jr (1960) The measurement of molecular orientation in fibers by acoustic methods. J Appl Polymer Sci 3(9):266–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Morgan HM (1962) Correlation of molecular orientation measurements in fibers by optical birefringence and pulse velocity methods. Text Res J 32:866–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Nolle AW (1947) Acoustic determination of the physical constants of Rubber-Like Materials. J Acoustical Soc Am 19(1):194–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lyons WJ (1949) Dynamic properties of filaments, yarns, and cords at sonic frequencies. Text Res J 19:123–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chaikin M, Chamberlain NH (1955) The propogation of longitudinal stress pulses in textile fibres - part 2. J Text Inst Trans 46:44–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hussain GFS, Iyer KRK, Patil NB (1982) Influence of mercerization and crosslinking on the dynamic and static moduli of cotton yarns. Text Res J 52:663–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Grujicic M, Arakere G, He T, Bell W, Glomski P, Cheeseman B (2009) Multi-scale ballistic material modeling of cross-plied compliant composites. Compos Part B 40(6):468–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bunsell AR (2009) Handbook of tensile properties of textile and technical fibres. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Hearle JWS, Grosberg P, Backer S (1969) Structural mechanics of fibers, yarns, and fabrics. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hearle J, El-Behery H, Thakur V (1959) 6—the mechanics of twisted yarns: tensile properties of continuous-filament yarns. J Text Inst Trans 50(1):T83–T111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. El-Shiekh A (1974) The dynamic modulus and some other properties of viscose-polyester blends. Text Res J 43:343–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was conducted within the Defence Materials Technology Centre, which was established and is supported by the Australian Government’s Defence Future Capability Technology Centre (DFCTC) initiative. Jill McDonnell carried out some of the strain wave pulse propagation tests on the twistless multifilament yarns. Badar Zaidi conducted the single-fibre tests on Favimat fibre tensile testing machine.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 21, Belmont, VIC, 3216, Australia

    Menghe Miao

  2. Defence Materials Technology Centre, Hawthorn, Australia

    Menghe Miao

Authors
  1. Menghe Miao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Menghe Miao.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Miao, M. Dynamic modulus and strain wave velocity in ballistic fibre strands. J Mater Sci 51, 5939–5947 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9895-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9895-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation