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Production of cellulose nanocrystals using hydrobromic acid and click reactions on their surface

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Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared by acidic hydrolysis of cotton fibers (Whatman #1 filter paper). In our efforts to select conditions in which the hydrolysis media does not install labile protons on the cellulose crystals, a mineral acid other than sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was used. Furthermore, in our attempts to increase the yields of nanocrystals ultrasonic energy was applied during the hydrolysis reaction. The primary objective was to develop hydrolysis reaction conditions for the optimum and reproducible CNC production. As such, the use of hydrobromic acid (HBr) with the application of sonication as a function of concentration (1.5–4.0 M), temperature (80–100 °C), and time (1–4 h) was examined. Applying sonic energy during the reaction was found to have significant positive effects as far as reproducible high yields are concerned. Overall, the combination of 2.5 M HBr, 100 °C, and 3 h associated with the sonication during the reaction generated the highest nanocrystal yields. In addition to the optimization study three types of surface modifications including TEMPO-mediated oxidation, alkynation, and azidation were used to prepare surface-activated, reactive CNCs. Subsequently, click chemistry was employed for bringing together the modified nanocrystalline materials in a unique regularly packed arrangement demonstrating a degree of molecular control for creating these structures at the nano level.

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the College of Natural Resources at NCSU for the award of the Hofmann Fellowship to one of us (IF) that made graduate studies possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Organic Chemistry of Wood Components Laboratory, Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA

    Hasan Sadeghifar & Dimitris S. Argyropoulos

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Dimitris S. Argyropoulos

  3. Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland

    Ilari Filpponen

  4. National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland

    Sarah P. Clarke & Dermot F. Brougham

Authors
  1. Hasan Sadeghifar
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  2. Ilari Filpponen
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  3. Sarah P. Clarke
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  4. Dermot F. Brougham
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  5. Dimitris S. Argyropoulos
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Correspondence to Dimitris S. Argyropoulos.

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Sadeghifar, H., Filpponen, I., Clarke, S.P. et al. Production of cellulose nanocrystals using hydrobromic acid and click reactions on their surface. J Mater Sci 46, 7344–7355 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5696-0

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