Abstract
Today, most information sources provide factual, objective knowledge, but they fail to capture personalized contextual knowledge which could be used to enrich the available factual data and contribute to their interpretation, in the context of the knowledge of the user who queries the system. This would require a knowledge framework which can accommodate both objective data and semantic enrichments that capture user provided knowledge associated to the factual data in the database. Unfortunately, most conventional DBMSs lack the flexibilities necessary (a) to prevent the data and metadata, evolve quickly with changing application requirements and (b) to capture user-provided and/or crowdsourced data and knowledge for more effective decision support. In this paper, we present CrowdSourced Semantic Enrichment (CroSSE) knowledge framework which allows traditional databases and semantic enrichment modules to coexist. CroSSE provides a novel Semantically Enriched SQL (SESQL) language to enrich SQL queries with information from a knowledge base containing semantic annotations. We describe CroSSE and SESQL with examples taken from our SmartGround EU project.
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Notes
In Europe, there are from 150.000 to 500.000 very variable landfills. In 2008, 49% of the almost 3 billion tons of total waste generated in the EU-27 was disposed in dedicated landfills.
The SmartGround platform, which implement many of the functionalities of the CroSSE, is available, for registered users, at http://smartground.atosresearch.eu/home.
In case of multiple enrichments by select, each resulting knowledge table is combined with the others by means of an additional join in the FROM clause of the query.
For readability, we used human-readable, descriptive names to the variables in the SPARQL queries. In reality, in automatically generated queries, these names are not descriptive.
In case of multiple enrichments, each additional condition is combined in the WHERE clause of the rewritten query (see example 10).
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Acknowledgements
The research is partially supported by EU grants #641988 and #690817 and NSF grant #1633381. We thank project partners, especially our colleagues from the Earth Sciences Department at the University of Torino, P. Rossetti, G. Dino, and G. Biglia.
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Cavallo, G., Di Mauro, F., Pasteris, P. et al. Crowd Sourced Semantic Enrichment (CroSSE) for knowledge driven querying of digital resources. J Intell Inf Syst 53, 453–480 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-019-00559-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-019-00559-8