“In less than four months, this government has overturned over 50 years of precedent on the proper role of government in labour disputes”.
(Ken Georgetti, CLC President quoted in, Gruending 2011).
When Wisconsin teachers arrived at the Madison Capitol to join the protests, they stepped into a powerful tradition of progressivism and unionism. The signs, t-shirts, and invited speakers made it clear that this wasn’t just about teachers, it was about all workers’ rights.
(Au et al., 2011 p. 6).
Abstract
North American teacher unions’ positive contributions to educational change have historically flown under the radar of educational policy makers, a situation that has been reified by recent attacks on public sector unions. In this article, I draw on social movement theory and an institutional case study of a self described social justice union to analyze teacher unions’ unique contributions to educational improvement. The primary product of this analysis is a cyclical model of union-supported, teacher-initiated educational change that codifies 40 years of social justice activism incubated, supported and catalyzed by a Canadian teacher union.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This article is regularly cited as the foundational text for a new field of administrative inquiry—social movement analysis of organizations and markets (See for example, Bies et al. 2007; Davis et al. 2008; DenHond and DeBakker 2007; King and Haveman 2008; Marquis et al. 2007; Walker et al. 2008; Zald 2008).
All Canadian provincial and territorial teachers’ organizations support some social justice programming and all protest provincial educational policy decisions that constrain their professional autonomy, but few do so as vocally or as explicitly as the BCTF.
A few key informants have kept me up to date with union initiatives taking place in the 4 years since I first conducted interviews.
References
Amenta, E., Caren, N., Chiarello, E., & Su, Y. (2010). The political consequences of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 287–307.
Au, W., Bigelow, B., Christensen, L., Levin, D., Karp, S., Miller, L., et al. (2011). This is what solidarity looks like. Rethinking Schools, 25(4), 5–8.
Ball, S. J. (1988). Staff relations during the teachers’ industrial action: Context, conflict and proletarianisation. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 9(3), 289–306.
Bascia, N. (1994). Unions in teachers’ professional lives: Social, intellectual, and practical concerns. New York: Teachers College Press.
Bascia, N. (1997a). Invisible leadership: Teachers’ union activity in schools. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 43(2/3), 69–85.
Bascia, N. (1997b). Teacher unions and teacher professionalism in the US: Reconsidering a familiar dichotomy. In B. J. Biddle, T. L. Good, & I. F. Goodson (Eds.), International handbook of teachers and teaching (Vol. 3, pp. 437–458). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Bascia, N. (1998a). The next steps in teacher union and reform. Contemporary Education, 69(4), 210–213.
Bascia, N. (1998b). Teacher unions and educational reform. In A. Hargreaves, A. Lieberman, M. Fullan, & D. Hopkins (Eds.), International handbook of educational change (Vol. 5, pp. 895–915). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Bascia, N. (1998c). Women teachers, union affiliation, and the future of North American teacher unionism. Teaching and Teacher Education, 14(5), 551–563.
Bascia, N. (2000). The other side of the equation: Professional development and the organizational capacity of teacher unions. Educational Policy, 14(3), 385–404.
Bascia, N. (2003). Triage or tapestry? Teacher unions’ work toward improving teacher quality in an era of systemic reform. Prepared for the Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington: Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto.
Bascia, N. (2004). Teacher unions and the teaching workforce: Mismatch or vital contribution? In M. A. Smylie & D. Miretzky (Eds.), Developing the teacher workforce (pp. 326–347). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bascia, N. (2005a). The next generation of Canadian teacher unionism—What will it be? Perspectives, 5, 1–5.
Bascia, N. (2005b). Triage or tapestry? Teacher unions’ work in an era of systemic reform. In N. Bascia, A. Cumming, A. Datnow, K. Leithwood, & D. Livingstone (Eds.), International handbook on educational policy (pp. 593–612). Dordrecht: Kluwer/Springer.
Bassey, M. (2003). Case study research in educational settings. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
BCTF. (2006). Social justice. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://bctf.ca/socialjustice.aspx.
Berube, M. R. (1988). Teacher politics: The influence of unions. New York: Greenwood Press.
Bies, R. J., Bartunek, J. M., Fort, T. L., & Zald, M. N. (2007). Corporations as social change agents: Individual, interpersonal, institutional, and environmental dynamics. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 788–793.
Bouvier, R. (2004). The critical role of aboriginal educators. Orbit, 34(1), 38–42.
Bouvier, R., & Karlenzig, B. (2006). Accountability and Aboriginal education: Dilemmas, promises and challenges. In G. Martell (Ed.), Education’s iron cage and its dismantling in the new global order (pp. 15–34). Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Brimelow, P. (2003). The worm in the apple: How the teacher unions are destroying American education. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Calvert, J., & Kuehn, L. (1993). Pandora’s box: Corporate power, free trade and Canadian education, Vol. 4. Toronto: Our Schools/Our Selves.
Chafe, J. (1968). Chalk, sweat, and cheers: A history of the Manitoba Teachers’ Society commemorating its 50th anniversary 1919–1969. Saskatchewan: The Hunter Rose Company.
Christopher, D., & Smethen, L. (2009). The effects of reform: Have teachers really lost their sense of professionalism? Journal of Educational Change, 10(2–3), 141–157.
Compton, M., & Weiner, L. (Eds.). (2008). The global assault on teachers, teaching and their unions. London: Palgrave.
Cooper, B. S. (2000). An international perspective on teachers unions. In T. Loveless (Ed.), Conflicting missions? Teachers unions and educational reform (pp. 240–280). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Cooper, A., Levin, B., & Campbell, C. (2009). The growing (but still limited) importance of evidence in education policy and practice. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2–3), 159–171.
CTF. (2007). Education for social justice: From the margin to the mainstream. Ottawa: Canadian Teachers’ Federation.
Danylewycz, M., & Prentice, A. (1986). Teachers’ work: Changing patterns and perceptions in the emerging school systems of nineteenth and early twentieth century central Canada. Labour/Le Travail, 17(Spring), 59–80.
Davis, G. F., Morrill, C., Rao, H., & Soule, S. A. (2008). Introduction: Social movements in organizations and markets. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(3), 389–394.
DenHond, F., & DeBakker, F. G. A. (2007). Ideologically motivated activism: How activist groups influence corporate social change activities. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 901–924.
Denzin, N. K. (1989). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2003). Strategies of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S., & Giardina, M. D. (2006). Disciplining qualitiative research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19(6), 769–782.
Dobbin, M. (2007). I am the BCTF: The story of the 2005 BC teachers’ strike. Vancouver: BCTF.
Foley, J. (1995). Redistributing union power to women: The experiences of two women’s committees. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Foley, J. (2000). Developing an explanatory framework for the demise of a women’s committee. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 21, 505–531.
French, D. (1968). High button boot straps: Federation of Women Teachers’ Associations of Ontario 1918–1968. Toronto: Ryerson Press.
Froese-Germain, B., & O’Haire, N. (2007). Perspectives on education for social justice, social justice in education. Professional Development Perspectives, 6(4), 2–3.
Fullan, M. (2009). Large-scale reform comes of age. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2–3), 101–113.
Gaskell, J. (2008). Learning from the women’s movement about educational change. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 29(4), 437–449.
Gidney, R. D. (1999). From hope to Harris: The reshaping of Ontario’s schools. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Gitlin, A. (1996). Gender and professionalization: An institutional analysis of teacher education and unionism at the turn of the twentieth century. Teachers College Record, 97(4), 588–624.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Glass, F. (1989). A history of the California Federation of Teachers 1919–1989. San Fransisco: CFT/Warren’s Waller Press.
Gongaware, T. B. (2011). Keying the past to the present: Collective memories and continuity in collective identity change. Social Movement Studies, 10(1), 39–54.
Goodson, I. (1992). Studying teachers’ lives. New York: Teachers College Press.
Goodson, I. (1994). Studying the teachers’ life and work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10(1), 29–37.
Goodson, I. (1997). Representing teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 13(1), 111–117.
Graham, E. (1974). Schoolmarms and early teaching in Ontario. In J. Acton, P. Goldsmith, & B. Shepard (Eds.), Women at work 1850–1930 (pp. 165–210). Toronto: Canadian Women’s Educational Press.
Gruending, D. (October 12, 2011). CLC condemns interference in collective bargaining: Harper government sets dangerous precedent by siding with employers. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www.canadianlabour.ca/national/news/clc-condemns-interference-collective-bargaining-harper-government-sets-dangerous-prece.
Hargreaves, A. (2009). A decade of educational change and a defining moment of opportunity–an introduction. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2–3), 89–100.
Harrison, T. W., & Kachur, J. L. (Eds.). (1999). Contested classrooms: Education, globalization, and democracy in Alberta. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press.
Hawkey, C. (2006). ‘No child left behind’ fails to achieve goals. Professional Development Perspectives, 6(3), 26–27.
Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (Eds.). (2002). The qualitative researcher’s companion. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Jesson, J. (1996). The PPTA confronts the state: From militant professionals to bargaining agent. In S. L. Robertson & H. Smaller (Eds.), Teacher activism in the 1990s (pp. 173–190). Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd.
Jessup, D. K. (1985). Teachers, unions, and change: A comparative study. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Johnson, S. M. (1988). Pursuing professional reform in Cincinnati. Phi Delta Kappan, 69(10), 746–751.
Jordan, T., Lent, A., McKay, G., & Mische, A. (2002). Social movement studies: Opening statement. Social Movement Studies, 1(1), 5–6.
Kerchner, C. T., & Koppich, J. E. (1993). A union of professionals: Labour relations and educational reform. New York: Teachers College Press.
Kerchner, C. T., & Koppich, J. E. (2000). Organizing around quality: The frontiers of teacher unionism. In T. Loveless (Ed.), Conflicting missions? Teachers Unions and Educational Reform (pp. 281–316). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Kerchner, C. T., & Mitchell, D. E. (1988). The changing idea of a teachers’ union. Philadelphia: The Falmer Press.
King, S. (1991). Feminists in teaching: The National Union of Women Teachers, 1920–1945. In A. Prentice & M. R. Theobald (Eds.), Women who taught: Perspectives on the history of women and teaching (pp. 182–201). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
King, M., & Haveman, H. A. (2008). Antislavery in America: The press, the pulpit, and the rise of antislavery societies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(3), 492–528.
Kuehn, L. (1996). Teachers, NAFTA and public education in Canada: Issues for political action. In S. L. Robertson & H. Smaller (Eds.), Teacher activism in the 1990s (pp. 27–34). Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd.
Kuehn, L. (2006). Intercambio: Social justice union internationalism in the B.C. Teachers’ federation. Unpublished Ed.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Kuehn, L. (2007). A perspective on social justice unionism. Professional Development Perspectives, 6(5), 15–19.
Labatt, M. (1993). Always a journey: A history of the Federation of Women Teachers’ Associations of Ontario 1918–1993. Toronto: Federation of Women Teachers’ Associations of Ontario.
Lawton, S. B., Bedard, G., MacLellan, D., & Li, X. (1999). Teachers’ Unions in Canada. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises Ltd.
Lieberman, M. (1997). The teacher unions: How the NEA and AFT sabotage reform and hold students, parents, teachers, and taxpayers hostage to bureaucracy. New York: The Free Press.
MacDonald, B., & Walker, R. (1975). Case study and the social philosophy of educational research. Cambridge Journal of Education, 5(1), 2–11.
MacRae, J. (2008). Social justice activist teachers theorize their work in public schools. Unpublished M.Ed. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Maecklebergh, M. (2011). Doing is believing: Prefiguration as strategic practice in the alterglobalization movement. Social Movement Studies, 10(1), 1–20.
Marquis, C., Glynn, M. A., & Davis, G. F. (2007). Community isomorphisms and corporate social action. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 925–945.
Martell, G. (Ed.). (2008). Breaking the Iron cage: Resistance to the schooling of global capitalism. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
McAdie, P., Giles, J., Makan, K., & Flessa, J. (2007). ETFO poverty project. Professional Development Perspectives, 6(4), 17–19.
McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241.
McKenna, T. (1999). Confronting racism in British Columbia. In B. Peterson & M. Charney (Eds.), Transforming teacher unions: Fighting for better schools and social justice (pp. 52–57). Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools.
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Mitchell, D. E., & Kerchner, C. T. (1983). Labor relations and teacher policy. In L. S. Shulman & G. Sykes (Eds.), Handbook of teaching and policy (pp. 214–238). New York: Longman.
Muir, K., & Peetz, D. (2010). Not dead yet: The Australian union movement and the defeat of a government. Social Movement Studies, 9(2), 215–228.
Murphy, M. (1990). Blackboard unions: the AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Nason, G. (1965). The Canadian Teachers’ Federation: A study of its historical development, interests, and activities from 1919 to 1960. Ontario Journal of Educational Research, 7(3), 297–302.
Naylor, C. (2005). A teacher unions’ collaborative research agenda and strategies: One way forward for Canadian teacher unions in supporting teachers’ professional development?. Vancouver: British Columbia Teachers’ Federation.
Naylor, C. (2007). Teacher unions, school districts, universities, governments: Time to tango and promote convergence? International Electronic Journal of Leadership for Learning, 11(20).
NCEA. (1994). Social justice unionism: A call to education activists. Rethinking Schools, 9(1), 1–4.
O’Haire, N. (2007). Social justice unionism inventory. In Education for social justice: From the margin to the mainstream (pp. i–v). Ottawa: CTF.
Paton, J. M. (1962). The role of teachers’ organizations in Canadian education. Toronto: W. J. Gage.
Peterson, B. (1999). Survival & Justice: Rethinking teacher union strategy. In B. Peterson & M. Charney (Eds.), Transforming teacher unions: Fighting for better schools and social justice (pp. 11–19). Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools.
Peterson, B., & Charney, M. (1999). Transforming teacher unions: Fighting for better schools and social justice. Milwaukee, WI: Rethinking Schools, Ltd.
Poole, W. L. (2007a). Neo-liberalism in British Columbia education and teachers’ union resistance. International Electronic Journal of Leadership for Learning, 11(24).
Poole, W. L. (2007b). Organizational justice as a framework for understanding union-management relations in education. Canadian Journal of Education, 30(3), 725–748.
Poole, W. L. (2007c). Teacher identity and social activism. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education.
Richter, B. (2006). It’s elementary: A brief history of Ontario’s public elementary teachers and their federation. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from ETFO Website, http://www.etfo.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/About%20ETFO%20Documents/ETFO%20History%20Documents/history-pt1.pdf.
Robertson, S. L., & Smaller, H. (1996). Teacher activism in the 1990s. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd.
Rodrigue, A. F. (2003). The conceptualization, production, and use of the rhizome of professionalism by Canadian teacher unions: Snapshots of the present, roadmaps for the future. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Australia.
Rottmann, C. (2007). Organized agents: Teacher unions as alternative educational sites for social justice activism. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association Chicago, IL.
Rottmann, C. (2008). Organized agents: Teacher unions as alternative educational sites for social justice activism. Canadian Journal of Education, 31(4), 975–1014.
Rottmann, C. (2010). Social justice teacher unionism in a Canadian context: Linking local and global efforts. Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labour, 17, 32–46.
Rousmaniere, K. (2005). Citizen teacher: The life and leadership of Margaret Haley. Albany: SUNY Press.
Rucht, D., & Neidhardt, F. (2002). Towards a ‘movement society’? On the possibilities of institutionalizing social movements. Social Movement Studies, 1(1), 7–30.
Seashore, K. (2009). Leadership and change in schools: Personal reflections over the last 30 years. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2–3), 129–140.
Shirley, D. (2009). Community organizing and educational change: A reconnaissance. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2–3), 229–237.
Smaller, H. (1988). Teachers’ protective associations, professionalism and the state in nineteenth century Ontario. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto.
Smaller, H. (1991). ‘A room of one’s own’: The early years of the Toronto Women Teachers’ Association. In R. Heap & A. Prentice (Eds.), Gender and education in Ontario: An historical reader (pp. 103–124). Toronto: Canadian Scholar’s Press.
Smaller, H. (1998). Canadian teacher unions: A comparative perspective. Contemporary Education, 69(4), 223–227.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Stake, R. E. (2003). Case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Strategies of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed., pp. 134–164). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Staton, P., & Light, B. (1987). Speak with their own voices: A documentary history of the Federation of Women Teachers’ Associations of Ontario and the Women Elementary Public Teachers of Ontario. Toronto: Federation of women Teachers’ Associations of Ontario.
Stevenson, H. (2005). From ‘school correspondent’ to workplace bargainer? The changing role of the school union representative. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 26(2), 219–233.
Stevenson, H. (2007a). Changes in teachers’ work and the challenges facing teacher unions. International Electronic Journal of Leadership for Learning, 11(13).
Stevenson, H. (2007b). Restructuring teachers’ work and trade union responses in England: Bargaining for change? American Educational Research Journal, 44(2), 224–251.
Stoll, L. (2009). Capacity building for school improvement or creating capacity for learning? A changing landscape. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2–3), 115–127.
Tyack, D. (1974). The one best system: A history of American urban education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Urban, W. J. (1982). Why teachers organized. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Urban, W. J. (2004). Teacher politics. In R. D. Henderson, W. J. Urban, & P. Wolman (Eds.), Teacher unions and education policy: Retrenchment or reform? (Vol. 3, pp. 103–124). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Urbanski, A. (1998). Turning unions around. Contemporary Education, 69(4), 186–190.
Walker, E. T., Martin, A. W., & McCarthy, J. D. (2008). Confronting the state, the corporation, and the academy: The influence of institutional targets on social movement repertoires. American Journal of Sociology, 114(1), 35–76.
Weiner, L. (1998). Albert Shanker’s Legacy. Contemporary Education, 69(4), 196–201.
Wotherspoon, T. L. (1989). Regulation, resistance and reproduction: The politics of public school teaching in British Columbia. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.
Wotherspoon, T. L. (1993). From subordinate partners to dependent employees: State regulation of public school teachers in nineteenth-century British Columbia. Labour/Le Travail, 31(Spring), 75–110.
Wotherspoon, T. L. (1998). The politics of teaching. In T. L. Wotherspoon (Ed.), The sociology of education in Canada: Critical perspectives (pp. 104–128). Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Wotherspoon, T. (2009). Historical dimensions of education in Canada. In The sociology of education in Canada, 3rd edn (pp. 54–77). Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press.
Yin, R. K. (1993). Applications of case study research. London: Sage.
Zald, M. N. (2008). Epilogue: Social movements and political sociology in the analysis of organizations and markets. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(3), 568–574.
Zald, M. N., & Berger, M. A. (1978). Social movements in organizations: Coup d’etat, insurgency, and mass movements. American Journal of Sociology, 83(4), 823–861.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rottmann, C. Forty years in the union: Incubating, supporting, and catalyzing socially just educational change. J Educ Change 13, 191–216 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-012-9180-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-012-9180-7