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Gender as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Parental Anxiety and Adolescent Anxiety and Depression

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Abstract

Higher anxiety and depression in females becomes more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence. Although previous research indicates that parental anxiety may predict anxiety and depression more strongly in girls than boys, there is a lack of longitudinal research investigating these relationships. The current study utilized longitudinal data (N = 940) to investigate our hypotheses that 1) mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety (at child age 7) would be more strongly associated with symptoms of adolescent anxiety and depression in girls than in boys, and 2) that greater increases in both mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety (from child age 7 to child age 15) would be more strongly associated with symptoms of adolescent anxiety and depression in girls than in boys. Structural equation modeling results indicated that higher mothers’ anxiety at child age 7, as well as higher increases in fathers’ anxiety (from child age 7 to child age 15), were associated with girls’ anxiety and depression at age 15, but not boys’ anxiety and depression at age 15. There were no child gender differences found in the associations between 1) fathers’ anxiety at child age 7 and child anxiety and depression at child age 15, or 2) change in mothers’ anxiety (from child age 7 to child age 15) and child anxiety and depression at child age 15. These results highlight important gender differences that may influence the development of anxiety and depression in adolescence.

Highlights

  • Higher mothers’ anxiety at child age 7 is associated with girls’ but not boys’ anxiety and depression at age 15

  • Higher increases in fathers’ anxiety (from child age 7 to 15) is associated with girls’ but not boys’ anxiety and depression at age 15

  • The association between fathers’ anxiety at child age 7 and child anxiety and depression at age 15 did not differ for girls and boys

  • The association between change in mothers’ anxiety (from child age 7 to 15) and child anxiety and depression at age 15 did not differ for girls and boys

  • These results highlight important gender differences that may influence the development of anxiety and depression in adolescence

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Data Availability

Data for this study is available at https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/DSDR/series/233.

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Funding

The current study was not funded, but used pre-existing data from a larger study, the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), funded through cooperative agreement grants (U10s and a U01) by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD).

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Rachel M. Ranney & Katherine M. Zinsser

  2. Department of Psychology, Hunter College - City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

    Evelyn Behar

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All authors contributed to the study conception. Analyses were performed by R.M.R. The first draft of the manuscript was written by R.M.R, and all authors commented on previous versions of the paper. All authors read and approved the final paper.

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Correspondence to Rachel M. Ranney.

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Ranney, R.M., Behar, E. & Zinsser, K.M. Gender as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Parental Anxiety and Adolescent Anxiety and Depression. J Child Fam Stud 30, 1247–1260 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01931-5

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