Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parenting Style and Parent–Child Relationship: A Comparative Study of Indonesian Parents of Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is evidence for different styles of parenting in different cultures. Authoritative parenting style has been found to be associated with optimum child outcomes in Western countries, while authoritarian parenting is preferred by Asian cultures. However, literature concerning parenting style and parent–child relationships in Indonesia is largely absent, whether for parents of typically developing children or children with a disability. As in most countries in the world, the rate of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Indonesia is increasing. This study aims to compare parenting styles, the parent–child relationship and social support in Indonesian parents of children with and without ASD. Based on literature from other countries, it was hypothesized that Indonesian parents of children with ASD would: be more authoritarian, report less positive parent–child relationships and report less social support than comparison parents. Surveys were completed by 101 parents of children with ASD and 101 matched parents of typically developing children. In line with hypotheses, parents of children with ASD reported that they were more authoritarian than parents of typically developing children, who were more authoritative in their parenting. In addition, parents of children with ASD reported higher levels of power assertion and lower positive qualities in their parent–child relationship than parents of typically developing children. Parents of children with ASD also received less support than the comparison group. This study provides an initial picture of parenting, the parent–child relationship and perceptions of social support for parents of children with and without ASD in Indonesia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abubakar, A., Van de Vijver, F., Suryani, A., Handayani, P., & Pandia, W. (2015). Perceptions of parenting styles and their associations with mental health and life satisfaction among urban Indonesian adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 2680–2692. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0070-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2010). Kependudukan [Population]. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. http://www.bps.go.id/menutab.php?kat=1&tabel=1&id_subyek=12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth & Society, 9, 239–267. doi: 10,1177/0044118x7800900302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D. (2013). Is a pejorative view of power assertion in the socialization process justified? Review of General Psychology, 17, 420–427. doi:10.1037/a0033480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Owens, E. B. (2010). Effects of preschool parents’ power assertive patterns and practices on adolescent development. Parenting, 10, 157–201. doi:10.1080/15295190903290790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beer, M., Ward, L., & Moar, K. (2013). The relationship between mindful parenting and distress in parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 4, 102–112. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0192-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejarano, A., & Nicolas, G. (2016). Overview of educational factors affecting parenting practices. In G. Nicolas, A. Bejarano & D. L. Lee (Eds.), Contemporary parenting: A global perspective (pp. 9–16). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, L. M., & McLanahan, S. S. (2015). Income, relationship quality, and parenting: Associations with child development in two‐parent families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77, 996–1015. doi:10.1111/jomf.12197.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beurkens, N. M., Hobson, J. A., & Hobson, R. P. (2013). Autism severity and qualities of parent–child relations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 168–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boonen, H., van Esch, L., Lambrechts, G., Maljaars, J., Zink, I., Van Leeuwen, K., & Noens, I. (2015). Mothers’ parenting behaviors in families of school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: An observational and questionnaire study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 3580–3593. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2506-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.

  • Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Bromley, J., Hare, D. J., Davison, K., & Emerson, E. (2004). Mothers supporting children with autistic spectrum disorders social support, mental health status and satisfaction with services. Autism, 8, 409–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budhiman, M. (2014). Review masalah autisme di Indonesia [Reviewing autism problems in Indonesia]. Jakarta: Indonesian Autism Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2011). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 116–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L., Chiu, Y., Wu, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2013). Father’s parenting and father-child relationship among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 128–140. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. W., & Wong, Y. L. (2014). What my parents make me believe in learning: The role of filial piety in Hong Kong students’ motivation and academic achievement. International Journal of Psychology, 49, 249–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  • Couper, M. P., Traugott, M. W., & Lamias, M. J. (2001). Web survey design and administration. Public Opinion Quarterly, 65, 230–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 38, 1278–1291. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0512-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, C. A., & Stacks, A. M. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between parenting, parent-child shared reading practices, and child development in low-income families. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28, 394–410. doi:10.1080/02568543.2014.913278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwairy, M., & Menshar, K. E. (2006). Parenting style, individuation, and mental health of Egyptian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 103–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyches, T. T., Smith, T. B., Korth, B. B., Roper, S. O., & Mandleco, B. (2012). Positive parenting of children with developmental disabilities: A meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 2213–2220. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.06.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egilson, S. T., Ólafsdóttir, L. B., Leósdóttir, T., & Saemundsen, E. (2016). Quality of life of high-functioning children and youth with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing peers: Self-and proxy-reports. Autism, 13, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabrizio, C. S., Lam, T. H., Hirschmann, M. R., & Stewart, S. M. (2013). A brief parenting intervention to enhance the parent–child relationship in Hong Kong: Harmony @Home. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(5), 603–613. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9614-0

  • Fischer, J. & Corcoran, K. (1999). Measures for clinical practice: A sourcebook volume 2 adults. 4th. New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Flykt, M. (2014). Prenatal representations predicting parent-child relationship in transition to parenthood: Risk and family dynamic considerations. Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes, M. J., Salas, M. D., Bernedo, I. M., & García‐Martín, M. A. (2015). Impact of the parenting style of foster parents on the behaviour problems of foster children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41, 704–711. doi:10.1111/cch.12215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W., & Giberson, R. (1995). Identifying the links between parents and their children’s sibling relationships. In S. Shulman (Ed.), Close relationships in social-emotional development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, J. B., Earles-Vollrath, T. L., Heath, A. K., Parker, R. I., Rispoli, M. J., & Duran, J. B. (2012). A meta-analysis of single case research studies on aided augmentative and alternative communication systems with individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 60–74. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1212-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gau, S. S., & Chang, J. P. (2013). Maternal parenting styles and mother-child relationship among adolescents with and without persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1581–1594. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gau, S. S.-F., Chou, M.-C., Lee, J.-C., Wong, C.-C., Chou, W.-J., Chen, M.-F., et al. (2010). Behavioral problems and parenting style among Taiwanese children with autism and their siblings. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 64, 70–78. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02034.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, A. C., Hoza, B., & Pelham, W. E. (2003). Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disordered boys’ relationships with their mothers and fathers: Child, mother, and father perceptions. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 363–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, A. C., Hoza, B., Arnold, L. E., Hinshaw, S. P., Wells, K. C., Hechtman, L., et al. (2007). Child and parent predictors of perceptions of parent-child relationship quality. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 37–48. doi:10.1177/1087054706295664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea, R. M. (2005). Self-reported data in institutional research: Review and recommendations. New Directions for Institutional Research, 127, 73–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, N. C., Seng, L. H., Ann, A. Y., & Hui, K. O. (2015). Factorial validity and reliability of the malaysian simplified Chinese version of multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS-SCV) among a group of university students. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health/ Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health, 27, 225–231. doi:10.1177/1010539513477684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, H. R., & Graff, J. C. (2011). The relationships among adaptive behaviors of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 34, 4–25. doi:10.3109/01460862.2011.555270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschler‐Guttenberg, Y., Golan, O., Ostfeld‐Etzion, S., & Feldman, R. (2015a). Mothering, fathering, and the regulation of negative and positive emotions in high‐functioning preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 530–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschler-Guttenberg, Y., Feldman, R., Ostfeld-Etzion, S., Laor, N., & Golan, O. (2015b). Self- and co-regulation of anger and fear in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders: The role of maternal parenting style and temperament. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 3004–3014. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2464-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, C. D., Sweeney, D. P., Hodge, D., Lopez-Wagner, M. C., & Looney, L. (2009). Parenting stress and closeness: Mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24, 178–187. doi:10.1177/1088357609338715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanu, M., Baker, E., & Brownson, R. C. (2008). Exploring associations between church-based social support and physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 5, 504–515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karreman, A., Tuijl, C. v., Van Aken, M. A., & Dekovíc, M. (2009). Predicting young children’s externalizing problems: Interactions among effortful control, parenting, and child gender. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55, 111–134. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, R. M., & Jonyniene, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ): Pilot study. The Family Journal, 20, 205–214. doi:10.1177/1066480712439845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurasaki, K., Okazaki, S., & Sue, S. (2002). Asian American mental health: Assessment methods and theories. New York: Kluwer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Luong, J., Yoder, M. K., & Canham, D. (2009). Southeast Asian parents raising a child with autism: A qualitative investigation of coping styles. The Journal of School Nursing, 25, 222–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez, I., & García, J. F. (2007). Impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and internalization of values in Spain. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 338–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, H. (2008). The importance of parent-to-parent support among families of children with autism in the People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 55, 303–314. doi:10.1080/10349120802489471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C., & Holdt, N. (2014). The search for a timely diagnosis: Parents’ experiences of their child being diagnosed with an Autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 26, 49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, N. (1992). Individual and society in Java: A cultural analysis (2nd ed.). Yokyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

  • Önder, A., & Gülay, H. (2009). Reliability and validity of parenting styles & dimensions questionnaire. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 508–514. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parent, J., Forehand, R., Merchant, M. J., Edwards, M. C., Conners-Burrow, N. A., Long, N., & Jones, D. J. (2011). The relation of harsh and permissive discipline with child disruptive behaviors: Does child gender make a difference in an at-risk sample? Journal of Family Violence, 26, 527–533. doi:10.1007/s10896-011-9388-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsi, K., & Elster, N. (2012). Growing up with autism: Challenges and opportunities of parenting young adult children with autism spectrum disorders. Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics, 2, 207–211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poslawsky, I., Naber, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van Daalen, E., van Engeland, H., van IJzendoorn, M. (2015). Video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting adapted to autism (VIPP-AUTI): A randomized controlled trial. Autism, 19, 588–603. doi:10.1177/1362361314537124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raval, V. V., Ward, R. M., Raval, P. H., & Trivedi, S. S. (2013). Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses of parental authority questionnaire in urban India. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, 707–718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riany, Y. E. (2016). Parenting style and parent-child relationships of Indonesian parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Doctoral Dissertation. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

  • Riany, Y. E., Cuskelly, M., & Meredith, P. (2016b). Cultural beliefs about autism in Indonesia. International Journal of Disability Development and Education, 63, 623–640. doi:10.1080/1034912X.2016.1142069.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riany, Y. E., Meredith, P., & Cuskelly, M. (2016a) Understanding the Influence of Traditional Cultural Values on Indonesian Parenting. Marriage & Family Review 53(3), 207–226.

  • Riva, G., Teruzzi, T., & Anolli, L. (2004). The use of the internet in psychological research: Comparison of online and offline questionnaires. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6, 73–80. doi:10.1089/109493103321167983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The Parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos & G. W. Holden (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques: Vol. 3. Instruments & index (pp. 319–321). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, R., Rubin, J., & Doiron, B. (2012). Short term synaptic depression imposes a frequency dependent filter on synaptic information transfer. PLoS Computational Biology, 8, e1002557 doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002557.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rutgers, A. H., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Swinkels, S. H., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., et al. (2007). Autism, attachment and parenting: a comparison of children with autism spectrum disorder, mental retardation, language disorder, and non-clinical children. Journal Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 859–870. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9139-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., Martin, A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2006). Is one good parent good enough? Patterns of mother and father parenting and child cognitive outcomes at 24 and 36 months. Parenting, 6, 211–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • September, S. J., Rich, E. G., & Roman, N. V. (2015). The role of parenting styles and socio-economic status in parents’ knowledge of child development. Early Child Development and Care, 186, 1–19. doi:10.1080/03004430.2015.1076399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidjaja, F. F. (2015). Assessment and diagnosis of autism in developing countries: The Indonesian adaptation of autism detection in early childhood (ADEC). Doctoral Dissertation. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:369340

  • Sidjaja, F. F., Newcombe, P. A., & Sofronoff, K. (2017). The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in urban Indonesia: A brief report. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 64, 33–44. doi:10.1080/1034912X.2016.1162768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siu, F. Y. A. (2006). Internalizing problems among primary school children in Hong Kong: Prevalence and treatment. Doctoral Dissertation. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. http://search.proquest.com/docview/304909497?accountid=14723

  • Stuttard, L., Beresford, B., Clarke, S., Beecham, J., Todd, S., & Bromley, J. (2014). Riding the rapids: Living with autism or disability: An evaluation of a parenting support intervention for parents of disabled children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 2371–2383. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su, C., & Hynie, M. (2011). Effects of life stress, social support, and cultural norms on parenting styles among mainland Chinese, European Canadian, and Chinese Canadian immigrant mothers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 944–962. doi:10.1177/0022022110381124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Troll, L. E., & Fingerman, K. L. (1996). Connections between parents and their adult children-Chapter 11. Handbook of emotion, adult development, and aging (pp. 185–205). New York: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W. P. (1999). Dictionary of Statistics and Methodology: A Nontechnical Guide for the Social Science (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Wang, M. J. (2013). Chinese American parents of typically developing children and children with autism: A study on parenting stress, parenting satisfaction, parenting style, and acculturation (Order No. 3605013). Doctoral Dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, California, The United States. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1476212383?accountid=14723

  • Watabe, A., & Hibbard, D. R. (2014). The influence of authoritarian and authoritative parenting on children’s academic achievement motivation: A comparison between the United States and Japan.North American Journal of Psychology, 16, 359–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitlauf, A. S., Vehorn, A. C., Taylor, J. L., & Warren, Z. E. (2014). Relationship satisfaction, parenting stress, and depression in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 18, 194–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. R., Degnan, K. A., Perez-Edgar, K. E., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Pine, D. S., et al. (2009). Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1063–1075. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9331-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wongpakaran, T., Wongpakaran, N., & Ruktrakul, R. (2011). Reliability and validity of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS): Thai version. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 7, 161–166. doi:10.2174/1745017901107010161.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woolfson, L., & Grant, E. (2006). Authoritative parenting and parental stress in parents of pre-school and older children with developmental disabilities. Child: Care, Health and Development, 32, 177–184. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00603.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, C. (2007). Direct and indirect effects of parenting style with child temperament, parent-child relationship, and family functioning on child social competence in the Chinese culture: Testing the latent models. Doctoral Dissertation. University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, US. http://search.proquest.com/docview/304830248?accountid=14723(304830248.

  • Yang, Y. (2012). Korean mothers’ child rearing practices and socialization goals for their young children. Doctoral Dissertation. The University of Buffalo, New York, The United States.

  • Zakeri, H., & Karimpour, M. (2011). Parenting styles and self-esteem. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 758–761. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, K., Li, H., Wei, X., Yin, J., Liang, P., Zhang, H., et al. (2015). Reliability and validity of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in Chinese mainland patients with methadone maintenance treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60, 182–188. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia

    Yulina Eva Riany

  2. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

    Yulina Eva Riany

  3. Faculty of Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Monica Cuskelly

  4. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia

    Pamela Meredith

Authors
  1. Yulina Eva Riany
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Monica Cuskelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pamela Meredith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yulina Eva Riany.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Riany, Y., Cuskelly, M. & Meredith, P. Parenting Style and Parent–Child Relationship: A Comparative Study of Indonesian Parents of Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). J Child Fam Stud 26, 3559–3571 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0840-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0840-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation