Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Experience of Being the Parent of an Adolescent with a Diagnosis of Depression

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although there is a growing research literature exploring the experience of being the parent of an adolescent with mental health issues, there is little looking specifically at parents of adolescents suffering from depression. This is surprising given that adolescence is a period of development associated with significant risk for the onset of severe depression. The aim of our study was to qualitatively examine the experience of being the parent of an adolescent (aged 11–17) who had recently been referred to child and adolescent mental health services in the United Kingdom and diagnosed with moderate to severe depression. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 48 parents. A thematic analysis revealed four main themes: parents’ ‘lack of awareness’ that their child was experiencing depression or that their child was experiencing any problem at all; the ‘emotional turmoil’ that parents were experiencing alongside that of their child; parents’ feelings of ‘helplessness’; and ‘parenting in overdrive’. Overall, the findings of our study indicate that the strain and stress that can be experienced by parents of adolescents with a diagnosis of depression, at the outset of their child’s treatment, is significant. Moreover, these parents’ experiences are comparable to those of parents of adolescents diagnosed with such disorders as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or eating disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alegria, M., Canino, G., Lai, S., Ramirez, R. R., Chavez, L., Rusch, D., & Shrout, P. E. (2004). Understanding caregivers’ help-seeking for Latino children’s mental health care use. Medical Care, 42, 447–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). Washington DC: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Washington DC: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Messer, S. C., Stangl, D., Farmer, E. M. Z., Costello, E. J., & Burns, B. J. (1998). Perceived parental burden and service use for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 75–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barksdale, C. L., Walrath, C. M., Compton, J. S., & Goldston, D. B. (2009). Caregiver strain and youth suicide attempt: Are they related? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39, 152–160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo (Vol. 2). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37, 401–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blum, L. M. (2007). Mother-blame in the Prozac nation: Raising kids with invisible disabilities. Gender & Society, 21, 202–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bone, C., O’Reilly, M., Karim, K., & Vostansis, P. (2014). ‘They’re not witches…’. Young children and their parents’ perceptions and experiences of child and adolescent mental health services. Child: Care, Health and Development. doi:10.1111/cch.12161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradby, H., Varyani, M., Oglethorpe, R., Raine, W., White, I., & Helen, M. (2007). British Asian families and the use of child and adolescent mental health services: A qualitative study of a hard to reach group. Social Science and Medicine, 65, 2413–2424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, S., Morgan, S., Fitzpatrick, C., Boylan, C., Crowley, S., Gahan, H., et al. (2008). Deliberate self-harm in children and adolescents: A qualitative study exploring the needs of parents and carers. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 493–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesla, C. A. (1991). Parents’ caring practices with schizophrenic offspring. Qualitative Health Research, 1, 446–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choate, P. W. (2011). Adolescent addiction: What parents need? Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1359–1364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, C., Gerson, R., Sills-Shahar, R., Nickou, C., McGlashan, T., Malaspina, D., & Davidson, L. (2007). Trajectory to a first episode of psychosis: A qualitative research study with families. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 1, 308–315.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cottee-Lane, D., Pistrang, N., & Bryant-Waugh, R. (2004). Childhood onset anorexia nervosa: The experience of parents. European Eating Disorders Review, 12, 169–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dundon, E. E. (2006). Adolescent depression: A metasynthesis. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 20, 384–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, V., & Goodyer, I. M. (2006). Longitudinal investigation into childhood- and adolescence-onset depression: Psychiatric outcome in early adulthood. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 216–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Early, T. J., Gregoire, T. K., & McDonald, T. P. (2002). Child functioning and caregiver well-being in families of children with emotional disorders: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 374–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R., Slatick, E., & Urman, M. (2001). Qualitative change process research on psychotherapy: Alternative strategies. In J. Frommer & D. L. Rennie (Eds.), Qualitative psychotherapy research: Methods and methodology (pp. 69–111). Lengerich: Pabst Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firmin, M. W., & Phillips, A. (2009). A qualitative study of families and children possessing diagnoses of ADHD. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 1155–1174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, A. A. (2012a). The dynamics of family trouble: Middle-class parents whose children have problems. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 41, 371–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, A. A. (2012b). Stigma in an era of medicalisation and anxious parenting: How proximity and culpability shape middle-class parents’ experiences of disgrace. Sociology of Health & Illness, 34, 927–942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, C., & Warr, D. J. (2009). Challenging roles: Insights into issues for men caring for family members with mental illness. American Journal of Men’s Health, 3, 36–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A. (2009). Psychiatric and psychotherapeutic literacy: Attitudes to, and knowledge of, psychotherapy. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55, 525–537.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Futh, A., Simonds, L. M., & Micali, N. (2012). Obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Parental understanding, accommodation, coping and distress. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 624–632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodyer, I. M., Tsancheva, S., Byford, S., Dubicka, B., Hill, J., Kelvin, R., et al. (2011). Improving mood with psychoanalytic and cognitive therapies (IMPACT): A pragmatic effectiveness superiority trial to investigate whether specialised psychological treatment reduces the risk for relapse in adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar depression: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 12, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, H., McGinnity, A., Meltzer, H., Ford, T., & Goodman, R. (2005). Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/mentalhealth04

  • Harden, J. (2005). “Uncharted waters”: The experience of parents of young people with mental health problems. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 207–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Highet, N., McNair, B. G., Davenport, T. A., & Hickie, I. B. (2004). “How much more can we lose?”: Carer and family perspectives on living with a person with depression. Medical Journal of Australia, 181, 56–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Highet, N., Thompson, M., & McNair, B. (2005). Identifying depression in a family member: The carers’ experience. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87, 25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, M. L., & Lam, E. (2003). The impact of daughters’ eating disorders on mothers’ sense of self: Contextualizing mothering experiences. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 35, 157–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, H., & Bettega, N. (2003). Social representation of AIDS among Zambian adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 616–631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, H. & Washer, P. (2007). Public engagement with MRSA: Full research report. ESRC End of Award Report, RES-000-22-1694. Swindon, England: ESRC.

  • Johansson, A., Anderzen-Carlsson, A., Ahlin, A., & Andershed, B. (2012). Fathers’ everyday experiences of having an adult child who suffers from long-term mental illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33, 109–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karp, D. A., & Tanarugsachock, V. (2000). Mental illness, caregiving, and emotion management. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 6–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, N. J., Deering, C. G., & Racusin, G. R. (1994). Depressed children and their families. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 39–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Ries Merikangas, K. (2001). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1002–1014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knock, J., Kline, E., Schiffman, J., Maynard, A., & Reeves, G. (2011). Burdens and difficulties experienced by caregivers of children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: A qualitative study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 5, 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, D. E., & King, C. A. (2002). Parental identification of depression and mental health service use among depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 296–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malacrida, C. (2003). Cold comfort: Mothers, professionals, and attention deficit disorder. Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, D. T., & Johnson, D. L. (1997). The family experience of mental illness: Implications for intervention. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28, 229–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, R., Reynolds, S., & Howe, A. (2006). Factors that influence the detection of psychological problems in adolescents attending general practices. British Journal of General Practice, 56, 594–599.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maskill, V., Crowe, M., Luty, S., & Joyce, P. (2010). Two sides of the same coin: Caring for a person with bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 17, 535–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, T. V., Lubman, D. I., & Clark, E. (2011). First-time primary caregivers’ experience of caring for young adults with first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 381–388.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, G., O’Brien, L., & Jackson, D. (2007). Guilt and shame: Experiences of parents of self-harming adolescents. Journal of Child Health Care, 11, 298–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., He, J., Burstein, M., Swendsen, J., Avenevoli, S., Case, B., et al. (2011). Service utilization for lifetime mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results of the National Comorbidity Survey—Adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 32–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Midgley, N., Ansaldo, F., Parkinson, S., Holmes, J., Stapley, E., & Target, M. (2011). Expectations of therapy interview (young person and parent versions). London: Anna Freud Centre (unpublished manuscript).

  • Midgley, N., Ansaldo, F., & Target, M. (2014). The meaningful assessment of therapy outcomes: Incorporating a qualitative study into a randomized controlled trial evaluating the treatment of adolescent depression. Psychotherapy, 51, 128–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moses, T. (2010). Exploring parents’ self-blame in relation to adolescents’ mental disorders. Family Relations, 59, 103–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, L., Halligan, S., Goodyer, I., & Herbert, J. (2010). Disturbances in early parenting of depressed mothers and cortisol secretion in offspring: A preliminary study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122, 218–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., & Ferriter, C. (2005). Parent management of attendance and adherence in child and adolescent therapy: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 149–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oldershaw, A., Richards, C., Simic, M., & Schmidt, U. (2008). Parents’ perspectives on adolescent self-harm: Qualitative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 140–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perloe, A., Esposito-Smythers, C., Curby, T. W., & Renshaw, K. D. (2014). Current trajectories of change in adolescent and maternal depressive symptoms in the TORDIA study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 612–628.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Philips, B., Werbart, A., & Schubert, J. (2005). Private theories and psychotherapeutic technique. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 19, 48–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineda, A. Q., Cole, D. A., & Bruce, A. E. (2007). Mother–adolescent interactions and adolescent depressive symptoms: A sequential analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, F., & Rawal, A. (2011). Can basic risk research help in the prevention of childhood and adolescent depression? Examining a cognitive and emotional regulation approach. Depression Research and Treatment, 2011, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeber, L., Hops, H., Andrews, J., Alpert, T., & Davis, B. (1998). Interactional processes in families with depressed and non-depressed adolescents: Reinforcement of depressive behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 417–427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Balding, J. (1993). British parents’ beliefs about the causes of three forms of childhood psychological disturbance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 367–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Shaw, H., Bohon, C., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P. (2009). A meta-analytic review of depression prevention programs for children and adolescents: Factors that predict magnitude of intervention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 486–503.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Svensson, E., Nilsson, K., Levi, R., & Suarez, N. C. (2013). Parents’ experiences of having and caring for a child with an eating disorder. Eating Disorders, 21, 395–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wintersteen, R. T., & Rasmussen, K. L. (1997). Fathers of persons with mental illness: A preliminary study of coping capacity and service needs. Community Mental Health Journal, 33, 401–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors disclose receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: all three authors were supported by funding from the Monument Trust for the IMPACT-ME study, of which the present study is part. The first author was also supported by her UCL IMPACT PhD studentship funding.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emily Stapley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Stapley, E., Midgley, N. & Target, M. The Experience of Being the Parent of an Adolescent with a Diagnosis of Depression. J Child Fam Stud 25, 618–630 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0237-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0237-0

Keywords

Navigation