Skip to main content
Log in

Support Networks of Single Puerto Rican Mothers of Children with Disabilities

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The social support networks of 25 Puerto Rican single mothers of young children with disabilities were examined and compared with current models of family support for children with disabilities. This study was designed to assess the support systems of Latino single mothers in light of dominant models of family support. The Family Support Scale, the ECOMAP, and responses to open-ended questions were employed to describe the characteristics of Puerto Rican single mothers’ support systems. Study findings suggest that members of the children’s immediate and extended kinship system, including non-blood relatives (e.g., madrinas), play a strong role in the support network of the mothers interviewed. Implications for early childhood professionals who work with Latino parents of children with disabilities are examined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antonucci, T. C. (1985). Social support: Theoretical advances, recent findings, and pressing issues. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 21–37). Boston: Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, D., Skinner, D., Correa, V., Reyes-Blanes, M., Rodriguez, P., Vázquez-Montilla, E., et al. (1999). Needs and supports reported by Latino families of young children with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 104, 437–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortes, D. E. (1995). Variation in familism in two generations of Puerto Ricans. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 7, 249–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., Jenkins, V., & Trivette, C. M. (1984). The family support scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of Individual, Family, and Community Wellness, 1, 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., Johanson, C., Trivette, C. M., & Hamby, D. (1991). Family-oriented early intervention policies and practices: Family-centered or not? Exceptional Children, 58, 115–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C. M., & Deal, A. (1988). Enabling and empowering families: Principles & guidelines for practice. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C. M., Hamby, D., & Pollock, B. (1990). Family systems correlates of the behavior of young children with handicaps. Journal of Early Intervention, 14, 204–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R., & Curry, M. (2000). Fictive kin as social capital in new immigrant communities. Sociological Perspectives, 43, 189–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Preto, N. (1982). Puerto Rican families. In M. McGoldrick, J. K. Pearce, & J. Giordano (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 164–186). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomel, J. N. (1998). The effects of economic hardship on family relationships among African American, Latino, and Euro-American families. Journal of Family Issues, 19, 436–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, A. S. (1997). Single mothers of children with developmental disabilities: The impact of multiple roles. Family Relations, 46, 5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanline, M. F., & Daley, S. E. (1992). Family coping strategies and strengths in Hispanic, African-American, and Caucasian families of young children. Topics in Early Childhood in Special Education, 12, 351–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, A. (1978). Diagrammatic assessment of family relationships. Social Casework, 59, 465–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, T., Markwardt, R., Rowitz, L., & Farber, B. (1994). Adaptations of Hispanic families to a member with mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 99, 289–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilbert, G. A. (1990). Measuring social support in chronic illness. In O. L. Strickland & C. F. Waltz (Eds.), Measurement of nursing outcomes: Measuring client self-care and coping skills (pp. 79–95). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R., & Williams, T. R. (2002). Assessing African American spirituality with spiritual ecomaps. Families in Society, 83, 585–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, T. V., & Wallander, J. L. (2001). Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 382–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Social support: Assessing conceptual coherence. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 304–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hupcey, J. E., & Morse, J. M. (1997). Can a professional relationship be considered social support? Nursing Outlook, 45, 270–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judge, S. L. (1998). Parental coping strategies and strengths in families of young children with disabilities. Family Relations, 47, 263–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazak, A. E. (1989). Families of chronically ill children: A systems and social-ecological model of adaptation and challenge. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazak, A. E., & Marvin, R. S. (1984). Differences, difficulties, and adaptation: Stress and social networks in families with a handicapped child. Family Relations, 33, 67–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreider, R. M., & Elliot, D. B. (2009). America’s families and living arrangements: 2007. Current Population Reports, P20-561. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/p20-561.pdf.

  • Levine, K. (2009). Against all odds: Resilience in single mothers of children with disabilities. Social Work in Health Care, 48, 402–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, R. A. (1999). Las comadres as a social support system. Affilia, 14, 24–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, K., Stricklin, S., Nowak, T., & Rous, B. (2008). Using eco-mapping to understand family strengths and resources. Young Exceptional Children, 11, 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHatton, P. A. (2007). Listening and learning from Mexican and Puerto Rican single mothers of children with disabilities. Teacher Education and Special Education, 30, 237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHatton, P. A., & Correa, V. (2005). Stigma and discrimination: Perspectives from Mexican and Puerto Rican mothers of children with special needs. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 25, 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirfin-Veitch, B., Bray, A., & Watson, M. (1997). “We’re just that sort of family.” Intergenerational relationships in families including children with disabilities. Family Relations, 46, 305–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nutall, E. V. (1979). The support system and coping patterns of the female PR single parent. Journal of Non-white Concerns, 7, 128–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Blanes, M., Correa, V., & Bailey, D. (1999). Perceived needs of and support for Puerto Rican mothers of young children with disabilities. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 19, 54–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabogal, F., Marin, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Marin, B. V., & Perez-Stable, E. J. (1987). Hispanic familism and acculturation: What changes and what doesn’t? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 397–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J., & Simonsen, D. (1994). Educational/support group for Latino families of children with Down Syndrome. Mental Retardation, 32, 403–415.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, D., & Weisner, T. (2007). Sociocultural studies of families of children with intellectual disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 302–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, V. J., Jason, L. A., & Addlesperger, E. (1996). Social networks among inner-city minority women. Education, 117, 194–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. B., Oliver, M. N. I., & Innocenti, M. S. (2001). Parenting stress in families of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 257–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R., & Liefeld, C. P. (1998). Effectiveness of a family support center approach to adolescent mothers: Repeat pregnancy and school drop-out rates. Family Relations, 47, 139–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1984). Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivette, C. M., Dunst, C. J., Boyd, K., & Hamby, D. W. (1995). Family-oriented program models, helpgiving practices, and parental control appraisals. Exceptional Children, 62, 237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, A. P., Turnbull, R., Erwin, E. J., & Soodak, L. C. (2005). Families, professionals, exceptionality: Positive outcomes through partnership and trust (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2001a). America’s families and living arrangements. Population characteristics. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Census.

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2001b). Hispanic population. Census 2000 brief. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Census.

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). U.S. Hispanic population surpasses 45 million, now 15 percent of total. (U.S. Census Newsroom Press Release, May 2008.) Retrieved September 9, 2009 from www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/011910.html.

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). The hispanic population in the United States: 2008 Detailed Tables. Retrieved November 22, 2009 from http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic/cps2008.html.

  • Vadasy, P., Fewell, R., & Meyer, D. (1986). Grandparents of children with special needs: Insights into their experiences and concerns. Journal of the Division of Early Childhood, 10, 36–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega, W. A. (1990). Hispanic families in the 1980s: A decade of research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 1015–1024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witchurch, G. G., & Constantine, L. L. (1993). System theory. In P. G. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm, & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods (pp. 325–352). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y. (2007). Empowering culturally diverse families of young children with disabilities: The double ABCX model. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34, 431–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zambrana, R. E. (Ed.). (1995). Understanding Latino families: Scholarship, policy, and practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Preparation of this paper was supported in part by Grant #R01HD31870 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The authors wish to thank Don Bailey and Debra Skinner at the Frank Porter Graham Center in Chapel Hill for their help in the development of this paper, and the Puerto Rican families who kindly volunteered to participate in this study. We also thank John Ziegert for his assistance with the reviewing and editing of the manuscript. We want to express our appreciation to several anonymous reviewers, who raised important issues and made invaluable suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zobeida E. Bonilla.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Correa, V.I., Bonilla, Z.E. & Reyes-MacPherson, M.E. Support Networks of Single Puerto Rican Mothers of Children with Disabilities. J Child Fam Stud 20, 66–77 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9378-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9378-3

Keywords

Navigation