Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Mothers’ and Fathers’ Reluctance to Seek Psychological Help for Their Children

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We investigated the gap between parents’ willingness to seek help for their children and their willingness to refer other parents to help, and the relationship of this gap to gender. Two hundred and eleven parent couples with elementary-school children reported their willingness to seek help from professional and informal sources for a hypothetical problem with their child, and their willingness to refer a friend’s child with an identical problem to similar help. Attitudes toward help seeking and parental behaviors were also measured. Findings revealed that parents were more willing to refer a friend’s child to professional help than they were to seek such help for their own child, although no gap was found regarding informal help. No gender differences were found regarding willingness to seek help or to refer another, although gender was related to variables that predicted help seeking.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5–14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Messer, S. C., Stangl, D., Farmer, E., Costello, E., & Burns, B. (1998). Perceived parental burden and service use for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 75–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., Brown, T. C., & Carvajal, F. (2004). Explaining the discrepancy between intentions and actions: The case of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1108–1121. doi:10.1177/0146167204264079.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1992). Contingent value measurement: On the nature and meaning of willingness to pay. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1, 297–316. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp0104_01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationship as including the other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 241–253. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. D. (1986). Evaluations of self and others: self-enhancement biases in social judgment. Social Cognition, 4, 353–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burish, T. G., & Houston, B. K. (1979). Causal projection, similarity projection and coping with threat to self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 47, 57–70. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00614.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chadda, R. K., Agarwal, V., Singh, M. C., & Raheja, D. (2001). Help seeking behavior of psychiatric patients before seeking care at a mental hospital. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 47, 71–78. doi:10.1177/002076400104700406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, S. V. (2005). Evidence based assessment with men. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 649–660. doi:10.1002/jclp.20100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, O., & Savaya, R. (2000). Help wanted and help received by Israeli divorced custodial fathers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1440–1456. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02529.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., Pescosolido, B. A., Angold, A., & Burns, B. J. (1998). A family network-based model of access to child mental health services. Research in Community and Mental Health, 9, 165–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, D. (1999). A newer look: Motivated social cognition and the schematic representation of social concepts. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 1–11. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1001_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, D., Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J., & Kruger, J. (2003). Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 83–87. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, J. D., Winer, D., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1983). Seeking professional help for psychological problems. In B. M. DePaulo, A. Nadler & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 3, pp. 163–185). New York: Academic press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. J. (1993). Social desirability bias and the validity of indirect questioning. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 303–315. doi:10.1086/209351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flaskenrud, J. H. (1986). The effects of culture-compatible intervention on the utilization of mental health services by minority clients. Community Mental Health Journal, 22, 127–140. doi:10.1007/BF00754551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garralda, M. E., & Bailey, D. (1988). Child and family factors associated with referral to child psychiatrics. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 81–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Good, G. E., & Wood, P. K. (1995). Male gender role conflict, depression, and help seeking: Do college men face double jeopardy? Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 70–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N. B. (2001). Men’s problems and effective treatments: theory and empirical support. In G. R. Brooks & G. E. Good (Eds.), The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men (Vol. 1, pp. 22–40). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gretarsson, S. J., & Gelfand, D. M. (1988). Mothers’ attribution regarding their children’s social behavior and personality characteristics. Developmental Psychology, 24, 264–269. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.2.264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinson, J. A., & Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to seek help as a function of self disclosure and problem severity. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 456–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, T. P., & Chung, S. Y. (1996). Help seeking behaviors among child psychiatric clinic attenders in Hong Kong. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 31, 292–298. doi:10.1007/BF00785773.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L. W. (2000). Maternal employment: Effects of social context. In R. D. Taylor & M. C. Wang (Eds.), Resilience across contexts (pp. 142–176). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A. V. (1978). Family, kin, and friend networks in psychiatric help-seeking. Social Science and Medicine, 12, 297–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelly, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins & D. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 79–94). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Brown, R. L., & Broman, C. L. (1981). Sex differences in psychiatric help seeking: Evidence from four large-scale surveys. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 49–64. doi:10.2307/2136367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshelman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121–1134. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner, M. G., & Sher, K. J. (1991). The relation of treatment fearfulness and psychological service utilization: An overview. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 196–203. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.22.3.196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, A. K., Addis, M. E., & Courtenay, W. (2005). Measurement of men’s help seeking: Development and evaluation of the barriers to help seeking scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 95–108. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.6.2.95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J., & Holliday, E. L. (2004). Help-seeking and counseling within a traditional male gender role: An examination from a multicultural perspective. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1987). Belief in innate sex roles: Sex stratification versus interpersonal influence in marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 527–540. doi:10.2307/352198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., Stoewe, J., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. (1998). Increasing access to child mental health services for urban children and their caregivers. Health & Social Work, 23, 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R., & Trickett, E. (1980). Social networks as mediators support: an analysis of the effects and determinants of social networks. Community Mental Health Journal, 11, 27–44. doi:10.1007/BF00780665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey-Kane, E., & Prinz, R. J. (1999). Engagement in child and adolescent treatment: The role of parental cognitions and attributions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 183–198. doi:10.1023/A:1021807106455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, A. (1997). Personality and help seeking: autonomous vs. dependent seeking of help. In G. Pierce, B. Lakey & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Sourcebook of social support and personality (pp. 397–407). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, A., & Fisher, J. D. (1986). The role of threat to self-esteem and perceived control in recipient reaction to help: Theory development and empirical validation. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 81–121). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • New, M., Razzino, B., Lewin, A., Schlumpf, K., & Joseph, J. (2002). Mental health service use in community head start population. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 721–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parke, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parke, R. D. (2002). Fathers and families. In M. H. Bronstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 27–73). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Pavuluri, M. N., Luk, S. L., & McGee, R. (1996). Help-seeking for behavior problems by parents of preschool children: A community study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 215–222. doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raviv, A., Maddy-Weitzman, E., & Raviv, A. (1992). Parents of adolescents: Help seeking intentions as a function of help source and parenting issues. Journal of Adolescence, 15, 1–21. doi:10.1016/0140-1971(92)90042-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raviv, A., Raviv, A., Edelstein-Dolev, Y., & Silberstein, O. (2003). The gap between a mother seeking psychological help for her child and for a friend’s child. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 329–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raviv, A., Zeira, M., & Sharvit, K. (2007). Community psychology in Israel. In S. Reich, M. Riemer, I. Prilleltensky & M. Montero (Eds.), International community psychology: History and theories. New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1992). Overcoming the masculine mystique: preferences for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 240–246. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.39.2.240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L., & Reiger, D. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogler, L. H., & Procidano, M. E. (1986). The effects of social network on marital roles: a test of the Bott hypothesis in a intergenerational context. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 693–701. doi:10.2307/352562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santisteban, D. A., Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Murray, E. J., & LaPerriere, A. (1996). Efficacy of intervention for engaging youth and families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 35–44. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.1.35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayal, K., Taylor, E., Beecham, J., & Byrne, P. (2002). Pathways to care in children at risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 43–48. doi:10.1192/bjp.181.1.43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srebnik, D., & Cauce, A. M. (1996). Help-seeking pathways for children and adolescents. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4, 210–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stefl, M. E., & Prosperi, D. C. (1985). Barriers to mental health service utilization. Community Mental Health Journal, 21, 167–178. doi:10.1007/BF00754732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiffman, A. R., Pescosolido, B., & Cabassa, L. J. (2004). Building a model to understand youth service access: The gateway provider model. Mental Health Services Research, 6, 189–198. doi:10.1023/B:MHSR.0000044745.09952.33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supphellen, M., Kvitastein, O. A., & Johansen, S. T. (1997). Projective questioning and ethnic discrimination: A procedure for measuring employer bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 208–224. doi:10.1086/297793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L., & Takeuchi, D. T. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 533–540. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaak, P. F. M. (1995). Determinants of the help-seeking process: Goldberg and Huxley’s first level and first filter. Psychological Medicine, 25, 95–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., & Van Der Ende, J. (1997). Factors associated with child mental health service use in community. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 901–909. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vessey, J., & Howard, K. (1993). Who seeks psychotherapy? Psychotherapy, 30, 546–553. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.30.4.546

  • Wallen, J. (1992). Providing culturally appropriate mental health services for minorities. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19, 288–295. doi:10.1007/BF02518993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806–820. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westman, M., & Vinokur, A. D. (1998). Unraveling the relationship distress levels within couples: Common stressors, emphatic reactions, or crossover via social interaction? Human Relations, 51, 137–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1992). The helping process in the context of personal relationships. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Helping and being helped: Naturalistic studies (pp. 17–48). New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahner, G. E. P., & Daskalakis, C. (1997). Factors associated with mental health, general health, and school based service use for child psychopathology. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1440–1448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zima, B. T., Bussing, R., Yang, X., & Belin, T. R. (2000). Help seeking steps and service use for children in foster care. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 27, 271–285. doi:10.1007/BF02291739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amiram Raviv.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Raviv, A., Sharvit, K., Raviv, A. et al. Mothers’ and Fathers’ Reluctance to Seek Psychological Help for Their Children. J Child Fam Stud 18, 151–162 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-008-9215-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-008-9215-0

Keywords

Navigation