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Modeling the Evolution of Ceramic Traditions Through a Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chaînes Opératoires: the European Bronze Age as a Case Study

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Abstract

The chaînes opératoires underlying the manufacture of objects are good proxies for studying social groups and how cultural traits are transmitted and modified through the learning process. With the rise of evolutionary archaeology, the evolution of ceramic vessels can be modeled by using cladistics to elaborate kinship relationships between different taxa on the basis of shared derived character states. Here the modeling applies to ceramic fashioning from the European Middle Bronze Age (France and the United Kingdom). The aim is to assess the nature of the evolution and the relationships between three main cultures—in southern England, Normandy, and in the center-west of France. The cladistics analysis highlights that the ceramic traditions largely result from a process of phylogenesis—a result of descent with modification from an ancestral assemblage—rooted in the Early Bronze Age, suggesting a common origin for the Trevisker/Deverel-Rimbury and French Atlantic technical traditions. On the other hand, the Norman appears to be related to the Duffaits tradition, but to the exclusion of the Trevisker/Deverel-Rimbury traditions. This study supports the theoretical premise that some technical sequences are more stable than others. The evolution of sequences requiring motor habits, such as shaping, stabilized fairly quickly, unlike the finishing operations that continued to diverge throughout the Bronze Age. This study suggests that cladistics based on the description of the ceramic material in terms of chaînes opératoires is a useful tool for studying cultural change.

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Notes

  1. The first polytomy (trichotomous) branching produces the clade comprising CO63 + CO62 + CO59 + CO61 + CO60, the clade comprising CO25 + CO24 + CO19 + CO23 + CO22 + CO21 + CO20, and the clade comprising CO57 + CO56 + CO49 + CO51 + CO50 + CO55 + CO54 + CO53 + CO52 + CO41 + CO40 + CO39 + CO38 + CO37 + CO30 + CO26 + CO27 + CO29 + CO28 + CO36 + CO35 + CO34 + CO33 + CO32 + CO31 + CO46 + CO48 + CO47 + CO42 + CO45 + CO44 + CO43. The second polytomy (quadrichotomous) branching produces the clade comprising CO41 + CO40 + CO39 + CO38 + CO37; the clade comprising CO30 + CO26 + CO27 + CO29 + CO28; the clade comprising CO36, CO35, CO34, CO33, CO32, and CO31; and the clade comprising CO46 + CO48 + CO47 + CO42 + CO45 + CO44 + CO43. The third and the last polytomy (trichotomous) branching produces CO30 and CO26 and the clade comprising CO27 + CO29 + CO28.

  2. Characters group 1 (char. 2; char. 269; char. 7; char. 12; char. 17). Characters group 2 (char. 54; char. 57; char. 59; char. 60; char. 62; char. 65; char. 70; char. 73; char. 75; char. 78; char. 81; char. 82; char. 83). Characters group 3 (char. 108; char. 112; char. 113; char. 114; char. 118; char. 128). Characters group 4 (char. 152; char. 153; char. 266; char. 269). Reversion for char. 17 and char. 152.

  3. Character 202 (CI = 1/RI = 1): external smoothing, internal base–body–neck smoothing of modeled base with the body–neck shaped by coiling and discontinuous finger pressures.

  4. Character 200, CI = 1/RI = 1; character 261, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  5. Character 199, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  6. Character 195, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  7. Character 191, CI = 1/RI = 1; character 260 CI = 1/RI = 1; character 266, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.88.

  8. Character 137, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 271, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  9. Character 73, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; character 78, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; character 81, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; character 113, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; character 128, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; character 139, CI = 1/RI = 1; character 148, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  10. Char. 2, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 12, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 25, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 34, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 57, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 60, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 65, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 70, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 83, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 96, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 105, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  11. Char. 5, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 9, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 14, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 21, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 29, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 40, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 41, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 47, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 52, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 93, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 100, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 104, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  12. Character 1, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 6, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 13, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 17, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.9; char. 19, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 26, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 37, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 71, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 72, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 74, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 76, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 79, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 80, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 107, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 109, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 114, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.85; char. 115, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 118, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.85; char. 124, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 143, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 151, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 247, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  13. Character 4, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 8, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 16, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 44, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 46, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 50, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 54, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.88; char. 56, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 58, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 59, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.88; char. 62, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.88; char. 64, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 89, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 92, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 99, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 102, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 108, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.88; char. 150, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 255, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  14. Character 179, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  15. Character 73, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; char. 78, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; char. 81, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; char. 113, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; char. 120, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 128, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.75; char. 133, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 146, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 257, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  16. Character 2, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 12, CI = 0.5/RI = 1; char. 24, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 31, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 57, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 60, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 65, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 70, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 83, CI = 0.5/RI = 0.92; char. 95, CI = 1/RI = 1; char. 103, CI = 1/RI = 1.

  17. CO63 + CO62 + CO59 + CO61 + CO60 + CO25 + CO24 + CO19 + CO23 + CO22 + CO21 + CO20 + CO57 + CO56 + CO49 + CO51 + CO50 + CO55 + CO54 + CO53 + CO52 + CO41 + CO40 + CO39 + CO38 + CO37 + CO30 + CO26 + CO27 + CO29 + CO28 + CO36 + CO35 + CO33 + CO32 + CO31 + CO46 + CO48 + CO47 + CO42 + CO45 + CO44 + CO43.

  18. The disappearance of the base fashioned with assembled elements (char. 49) and more particularly with the coil technique (char. 42) and the corresponding pressures (char. 45). In terms of method, it is also the disappearance of assembled elements as the only one type of elementary volume in the whole chaîne opératoire (char. 36), and particularly by coiling (char. 18). It generates particularly a “discontinued” method between base and body (char. 90; char 97; char. 101). A last innovation is present here: the appearance of elementary volume by mass of clay (char. 268).

  19. For example, the clade including CO59 + CO61 + C060 is supported by 23 innovations and its ancestral clade (CO63 + CO62 + CO59 + CO61 + C060) is supported also by a lot of changes (19 innovations). At the opposite, the clade including CO25 + CO24 + CO19 + CO23 + CO22 + CO21 + CO20 is supported by less change (8 innovations) than its subclade (CO19 + CO23 + CO22 + CO21 + CO20) with 21 changes.

  20. The sister clades (CO25 + CO24) and (CO19 + CO23 + CO22 + CO21 + CO20) are respectively supported by 5 and 21 changes.

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Stephen Shennan (UCL), who supervised my work, as well as my training in evolutionary archaeology. I am grateful to Valentine Roux (CNRS), Stephen Shennan, Mike O’Brien (Texas A&M University), Anthony Harding (University of Exeter), François Pujos (CONICET, Mendoza), Marc Vander Linden (University of Cambridge), Claude Mordant (Université de Bourgogne), and Cyril Marcigny (INRAP) for their help, their comments on the different versions of the manuscript, or in the field of cladistics, and simply in the essential support provided throughout this Marie Curie project. A special thanks to Valentine Roux for her precious help for so many years. Thanks to all colleagues from the UCL Institute of Archaeology for the particularly warm welcome, as well as my colleagues from the team UMR 7055 CNRS/Université Paris Nanterre. Finally, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their significant work, the detailed comments and constructive suggestions, which improved the manuscript considerably.

Funding

This research was funded by a grant Marie Curie Actions (European Commission; Intra-European Marie Curie fellowship for career development; grant agreement ID: 274395; FP7-People-2010-IEF-Bronze Age) and hosted by the University College London Institute of Archaeology.

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Manem, S. Modeling the Evolution of Ceramic Traditions Through a Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chaînes Opératoires: the European Bronze Age as a Case Study. J Archaeol Method Theory 27, 992–1039 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-019-09434-w

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