Abstract
Although plazas have a lengthy and variable history in southeastern North America, by the Mississippian period (ca. 1000–1500 CE), they had assumed some degree of conformity: they were square to rectangular in shape, anchored the approximate center of a settlement, often had additional inclusions such as public buildings or earthen monuments, and were the arenas of secular and religious public activities. We suggest that the importance of these architectural features to Mississippian life ways can be attributed to two characteristics that are widely shared with other cultures that also employed plazas as a form of axis mundi. First, their construction represents an event that arrests temporality and draws attention to their pivotal role in synchronizing ritual life. Second, their relatively open architecture confers them a relational flexibility that allows for the linkage of a wide variety of spaces, things, and beings. A quantitative and qualitative study of 35 Mississippian plazas demonstrates discrepancies from a linear relationship between plaza size and site size that may be related to variation in the kinds of performances that were conducted in these public places at different types of settlements. Despite this variation, the ubiquity of plazas suggests that they were pivotal to the founding of Mississippian places, and may have been important for reestablishing a sense of cosmological order for migrating communities.
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Notes
Here, we are referring in particular to the practice of singular posts that do not appear to form part of a larger feature, such as a structure or a woodhenge.
Southeastern researchers have noted that, although there is a continuum of Mississippian sites based on the number of mounds and the relative size of the sites, the largest group of multimound sites represents a qualitative difference in these two variables. Payne’s (1994) systematic overview of 268 mound centers puts this number at 17, representing sites with over 16 mounds. While it is somewhat easy to target this group as a distinctive category, it is less easy to create taxa for the remainder of mound centers. Given the modest size of our sample, we have clustered the smaller mound sites into a single category recognizing that some important variation may be elided.
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Acknowledgments
Thanks to T. R. Kidder and four anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticisms and for pointing out some key lapses in our literature search. We are grateful to those archaeologists who kindly shared unpublished data on plaza and site dimensions, including Susan Alt, Andrew Mickelson, Adam King, and Paul Welch. Portions of this study were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF SBR-9807157) and USDA Shawnee National Forest Challenge Grants.
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Portions of this study were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF SBR-9807157) and USDA Shawnee National Forest Challenge Grants.
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Cobb, C.R., Butler, B.M. Mississippian Plazas, Performances, and Portable Histories. J Archaeol Method Theory 24, 676–702 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-9281-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-9281-3