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Remotely Local: Ego-networks of Late Pre-colonial (AD 1000–1450) Saba, North-eastern Caribbean

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Abstract

Ego-networks, based on a socio-metric method for the analysis of the direct social relations an individual engages in, of archaeological site assemblages may be used to great effect in archaeology. They provide a means to combine multi-scalar and multi-disciplinary data and thereby explore sites as a nexus of material relations. This paper outlines how such a site ego-network could be constructed. This is illustrated using the fourteenth century site of Kelbey’s Ridge 2, Saba, in the North-eastern Caribbean. Kelbey’s Ridge 2 is an interesting case study since it was likely a newly established, but also short-lived settlement. The reason for settlement may have been that, even if the island of Saba was relatively poor in terrestrial resources, it had a geographically strategic location and access to rich marine resources. Intra-site features at the site evidence a complex set of relations between house spaces and living and deceased members of the community. Additionally, the site’s engagement with the wider island world is reflective of a transitional moment for communities in the late pre-colonial North-eastern Caribbean. A betweenness analysis of its ego-network provides a new perspective of Kelbey’s Ridge 2, pinpointing material practices and objects that must have been crucial for the viability and identity of the community. This case study shows that ego-networks may be profitably used alongside current archaeological relational theories, substantive studies of site assemblages and other archaeological network approaches.

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Notes

  1. Wolfram|Alpha Personal Analytics for Facebook can be found at http://www.wolframalpha.com/facebook (website accessed on 24 November 2013). LinkedIn Maps can be found at http://inmaps.linkedinlabs.com/ (website accessed on 24 November 2013).

  2. The distances in the fixed radius model are based on straight travels across open sea, rather than overland distances. Straight lines across open bodies of water were drawn between the headlands of islands, which were once again islands larger than 10 km2 and island regions of islands that were larger than 1,000 km2.

  3. Whether this speed of travel would have been the same for indigenous canoe crews is difficult to surmise, since speed and distances reported from the mouths of Indians in the chronicles are in temporal units like “moons” or “days” and not in geographic distances. Bérnaldez (1992), basing himself on various sources, among which Colombus himself, reports that: “a caravel can sail in a single day as far as the canoes are able to in seven.” A standard caravel of that era would have travelled at speeds of up to 8 knots with an average of 4 knots, making c.78 to 86 nautical miles a day. This is around seven times the lower limit of a day trip made by the Akayouman crew (12 nautical miles).

  4. The density is 29 % \( \left(\frac{236}{29\times \left(29-1\right)}=0.290\right) \).

  5. Analogous types of kin networks and the social contracts and conflicts that accompany them have been extensively documented by Lowland South American ethnographers, as the main subject of works such as the classics Les structures élémentaires de la parenté by Claude Leví-Strauss (1949) and Individual and society in Guiana by Peter Rivière (1984). See Ensor (2013) or Keegan (2007) for Caribbean archaeological perspectives on kin networks. See Mol and Mans (2013) for a network case study that contrasts contemporary Guyanese and proto-contact Hispaniolan indigenous kin networks and the distribution of material culture in them.

  6. The small number of the burial population precludes any comparison to standard demographic models as they exist for Caribbean or similar societies (Curet 2005; Weston 2010).

  7. Visone has a quite intuitive interface because it offers the possibility to create graphs directly by drawing them. The program also allows for imports from popular graph file formats and network analysis using several basic and advanced measures. It is freeware and can be downloaded from visone.info (website accessed on 24 Novenber 2013).

  8. Actually, the only place where calci-rudite artefacts have been found in this “Late Ceramic Age B” Period is in Anguilla itself (Crock 2000; Knippenberg 2007). In other words, in the fourteenth century the calci-rudite three-pointed stones exchange network of previous centuries consisted of only one node.

  9. In the particular case of the snuff inhaler at Kelbey’s Ridge 2, this has to do with the maritime nature of the bone material from which it was made, which only exacerbates the already high difficulty of provenance studies on bone material on Saba (Laffoon 2012).

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the editors of this special volume on archaeological network analysis, also the organizers of a similarly themed 2013 SAA symposium, for inviting us to take part. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback. In addition, Raymond Corbey and Hayley Mickleburgh are thanked for their feedback and suggestions. A special thank you goes to the people of Saba whose support has been invaluable during the more than 25 years the fieldwork and research project has been running. This paper is a result of research funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) as part of the Island Networks project (grant agreement no. 360-62-060).

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  1. Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Angus A. A. Mol, Menno L. P. Hoogland & Corinne L. Hofman

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Mol, A.A.A., Hoogland, M.L.P. & Hofman, C.L. Remotely Local: Ego-networks of Late Pre-colonial (AD 1000–1450) Saba, North-eastern Caribbean. J Archaeol Method Theory 22, 275–305 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9234-7

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