Skip to main content
Log in

Introduction: Archaeological Approaches to Lithic Production Skill and Craft Learning

  • Published:
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper introduces the volume by considering what skill is and how archaeologists have looked at issues of skill in stone tool production, along with anthropological and archaeological approaches to the ways in which individuals become skilled craftworkers. Archaeological studies of flintknapping skill tend to be isolated from most larger debates, but both the archaeological and the nonarchaeological literature highlight how intimately skill and craft learning are woven into the fabric of society, although they also highlight significant methodological and interpretive issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrams, N. (1996). Measure Twice, Cut Once: Lessons From a Master Carpenter. New York: Little Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahler, S. A. (1989). Experimental knapping with KRF and midcontinent cherts: overview and applications. In D. S. Amick & R. P. Mauldin (Eds.) Experiments in Lithic Technology (pp. 199–234). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 528.

  • Andrews, B. (2003). Measuring prehistoric craftsman skill. In K. Hirth (Ed.) Mesoamerican Lithic Technology: Experimentation and Interpretation (pp. 208–219). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apel, J. (2001). Daggers, Knowledge and Power. Uppsala: Wikströms.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apel, J., & Knutsson, K. (Eds.) (2006). Skilled Production and Social Reproduction. Aspects on Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies. Proceedings from an International Symposium held in Uppsala, August 20–24, 2003. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, SAU Stone Studies 2.

  • Arnold, J. (1987). Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashbee, P., & Jewell, P. (1998). The experimental earthworks revisited. Antiquity, 72, 485–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamforth, D. B. (2002a). High-tech foragers? Folsom and later Paleoindian technology on the Great Plains. Journal of World Prehistory, 16, 55–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamforth, D. B. (2002b). Evidence and metaphor in evolutionary archaeology. American Antiquity, 67, 435–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamforth, D. B. (2003). Rethinking the role of bifacial technology in Paleoindian adaptations on the Great Plains. In M. Soressi & D. Dibble (Eds.) Multiple Approaches to the Study of Bifacial Technologies (pp. 209–228). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, M. (2006). Midden ceramic assemblage formation: a case study from Kalinga, Philippines. American Antiquity, 71, 27–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M., Fowler, P. J., & Hillson, S. W. (1996). The Experimental Earthwork Programme 1960–1992. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 100.

  • Bettinger, R., & Eerkens, J. (1999). Point typologies, cultural transmission, and the spread of bow and arrow technology in the prehistoric Great Basin. American Antiquity, 64, 231–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, C. (1993). Woman the toolmaker: evidence for women’s use and manufacture of flaked stone tools in Australia and New Guinea. In H. Du Cros & L. Smith (Eds.) Women in Archaeology: A Feminist Critique (pp. 22–30), Canberra: Australian National University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleed, P. (1991). Operations research and archaeology. American Antiquity, 56, 19–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodu, P. (1996). Les chasseurs Magdaleniens de Pincevent; quelques aspects de leurs comportements. Lithic Technology, 21, 48–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodu, P., Karlin, C., & Ploux, S. (1990). Who’s who? The Magdalenian flintknappers of Pincevent, France. In E. Cziesla, S. Eickhoof, N. Arts & D. Winter (Eds.) The Big Puzzle: International Symposium on Refitting Stone Artifacts, Monrepos, 1987, vol. 1 (pp. 143–164). Bonn: Holos Studies in Modern Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. (1985). Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. (1993). Needs to go in here.

  • Bradley, B. (1991). Lithic technology. In G. Frison (Ed.) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains (2nd Edn.) (pp. 369–396). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, B., & Frison, G. (1987). Projectile points and specialized bifaces from the Horner site. In G. Frison & L. Todd (Eds.) The Horner Site. (pp. 199–232). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bril, B., Roux, V., & Dietrich, G. (2005). Stone Knapping: Khambhat (India), a Unique Opportunity? In V. Roux & B. Bril (Eds.) Stone Knapping: the necessary conditions for a uniquely hominin behaviour (pp. 53–71). Cambridge: McDonald Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, J. (1976). Early social interaction and language acquisition. In H. Schaffer (Ed.) Studies in Mother-Infant Interaction. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, E. (2006). Neolithic Danish Daggers: an experimental peek. In J. Apel & K. Knutsson (Eds.) Skilled Production and Social Reproduction. Aspects on Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies. Proceedings from an International Symposium held in Uppsala, August 20–24, 2003 (pp. 115–137). Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, SAU Stone Studies 2.

  • Clark, J. (2003). Craftmanship and craft specialization. In K. Hirth (Ed.) Mesoamerican Lithic Technology: Experimentation and Interpretation (pp. 220–233). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, C. R., & Pope, M. (1998). Sixteenth-century flintknapping kits from the King Site, Georgia. Journal of Field Archaeology, 25, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, C., & Ruggiero, D. (2003). Lithic technology and the Spanish Entrada at the King Site in northwest Georgia. In C. Cobb (Ed.) Stone Tool Traditions in the Contact Era (pp. 13–28). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, L. (1997). Archaeology of the Southwest. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coy, M. (1989). From theory. In M. Coy (Ed.) Apprenticeship: From Theory to Method and Back Again (pp. 1–11). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, J. R. (1983). Twigs, branches, trees, and forests: problems of scale in lithic analysis. In J. A. Moore & A. S. Keene (Eds.) Archaeological Hammers and Theories (pp. 87–106). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, J. R. (1993). Craft specialisation in nonstratified societies. Research in Economic Anthropology, 14, 61–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crown, P. (1999). Socialization in American Southwest pottery decoration. In J. Skibo & G. Feinman (Eds.) Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction (pp. 25–43). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crown, P. (2001). Learning to make pottery in the Prehispanic American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Research, 57, 451–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crown, P. (2007a). Life histories of pots and potters: situating the individual in archaeology. American Antiquity, 72, 677–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crown, P. (2007b). Learning about learning. In J. Skibo, M. Graves & M. Stark (Eds.) Archaeological Anthropology: Perspectives on Method and Theory (pp. 198–217). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Custer, J. F., Rosenberg, K. R., Mellin, G., & Washburn, A. (1999). A Re-examination of the Island Field Site (7K-F-17), Kent County, Delaware. Archaeology of Eastern North America, 18, 145–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, N., & Kramer, C. (2001). Ethnoarchaeology in Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deboer, W. (1990). Interaction, imitation, and communication as expressed in style: the Ucayali experience. In M. Conkey & C. Hastorf (Eds.) The Uses of Style in Archaeology (pp. 82–104). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deetz, J. (1965). The Dynamics of Stylistic Change in Arikara Ceramics. Illinois Studies in Anthropology 4. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

  • Dumond, D. (1977). Science in archaeology: the saints go marching in. American Antiquity, 42, 330–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eerkens, J. W. (2000). Practice makes within 5% of perfect: visual perception, motor skills and memory in artefact variation. Current Anthropology, 41, 663–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eerkens, J. W., & Bettinger, R. L. (2001). Techniques for assessing standardization in artifact assemblages: can we scale material variability? American Antiquity, 66, 493–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Lehmann, A. C. (1996). Expert and exceptional performance:evidence of maximal adaptation to task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 273–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fash, W. (1991). Scribes, Warriors, and Kings: The City of Copan and the Ancient Maya. New York: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, N. (1997). Kid-knapping: the missing children in lithic analysis. In J. Moore & E. Scott (Eds.) Invisible People and Processes: Writing Gender and Childhood into European Archaeology (pp. 203–212). Leicester: Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A. (1989). A late Paleolithic “school” of flint-knapping at Trollesgave, Denmark: results from refitting. Acta Archaeologia, 60, 33–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A. (1990). On being a pupil of a flintknapper of 11,000 years ago. In E. Cziesla, S. Eickhoof, N. Arts & D. Winter (Eds.) The Big Puzzle: International Symposium on Refitting Stone Artifacts, Monrepos, 1987, vol. 1 (pp. 447–464). Bonn: Holos studies in Modern Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, S. (1999). How complex were the Southwestern great towns’ polities? In J. Neitzel (Ed.) Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast (pp. 45–58). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flenniken, J. (1978). Reevaluation of the Lindenmeier Folsom: a replication experiment in lithic technology. American Antiquity, 43, 473–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frison, G. & Bradley, B. (1999). The Fenn Cache: Clovis Weapons and Tools. Santa Fe: One Horse Land and Cattle Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gero, J. M. (1991). Genderlithics: women’s roles in stone tool production. In J. Gero & M. Conkey (Eds.) Engendering Archaeology (pp. 163–193). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, E. (1982). Upper Paleolithic flintknapping specialists? The evidence from Corbiac, France. Lithic Technology 11, 41–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goody, E. (1989). Learning, apprenticeship, and the division of labor. In M. Coy (Ed.) Apprenticeship: From Theory to Method and Back Again (pp. 233–256). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, P. (1984). A theory of the teacher in the learning activities of everyday life. In R. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.) Everyday Cognition (pp. 117–138). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, L. (2000). Apprentice flintknapping: relating material culture and social practice in the Upper Palaeolithic. In J. Soafer Derevenski (Ed.) Children and Material Culture (pp. 53–71). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, J. (1975). Idiosyncratic behaviour in chipping style: some hypotheses and preliminary analysis. In E. Swanson (Ed.) Lithic Technology: Making and Using Stone Tools (pp. 35–61). The Hague: Mouton Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, J. (1977). Idiosyncratic chipping style as a demographic indicator: a proposed application to the South Hills region of Idaho and Utah. In J. N. Hill & J. Gunn (Eds.) The Individual in Prehistory: Studies of Variability in Style in Prehistoric Technologies (pp. 167–204). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B. (1982). Interaction parameters and the demise of Paleoindian craftsmanship. Plains Anthropologist, 27, 109–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B., & Cannon, A. (1984). Interaction inferences in archaeology and learning frameworks of the Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 3, 325–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, J. (2004). Demography and cultural evolution: how adaptive cultural processes can produce maladaptive losses—the Tasmanian case. American Antiquity, 69, 197–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, J. (2006). Understanding cultural evolutionary models: a response to Read’s critique. American Antiquity, 71, 771–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. (1970). Broken K Pueblo: prehistoric social organization in the American Southwest. University of Arizona Anthropological Papers 18. Tucson: University of Arizona.

  • Hill, J. (1978). Individuals and their artifacts: an experimental study in archaeology. American Antiquity, 43, 245–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Högberg, A. (1999). Child and adult at a knapping area: a technological flake analysis of a manufacture of a Neolithic square sectioned axe and a child’s flintknapping activities on an assemblage excavated as part of the Öresund fixed link project. Acta Archaeologica, 70, 79–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, M., Davidson, J., & Sloboda, J. (1998). Innate talents: reality or myth? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 399–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingold, T. (1993). Tool-use, sociality and intelligence. In K. R. Gibson & T. Ingold (Eds.) Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution (pp. 429–445). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. (1976). Time and flint needed to acquire secondary thinning bifacial reduction skills. Lithic Technology, 5, 26–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, C., & Keller, J. (1996). Cognition and Tool Use: The Blacksmith at Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, C. (1985). Ceramic ethnoarchaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 14, 77–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, R. (1985). The Clay Sleeps. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layton, R. (1974). Technology as knowledge. Technology and Culture, 15, 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins R. (1966). Strategies of model building in population biology. American Scientist, 54, 421–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis-Johnson, L. (1978). A history of flint-knapping experimentation 1838–1976. Current Anthropology, 19, 357–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingren, C. (2004). Människor och kvarts. Sociala och teknologiska strategier under mesolithikum i östra Mellansverige. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 29. Stockholm: Stockholm University.

  • Longacre, W. (1970). Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study. University of Arizona Anthropological Papers 17. Tucson: University of Arizona.

  • Longacre, W. (1991). Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longacre, W., & Skibo, J. (1994). Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology. Washington: Smithsonian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marzke, M., Toth, N., Shick, K., Reece, S., Steinberg, B., Hunt, K., Linsheid, R., & An, R. (1998). EMG study of hand muscle recruitment during hard hammer percussion manufacture of Oldowan tools. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 105, 315–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, S. (2007). Gender, technology, and evolution: cultural inheritance theory and prehistoric potters in Valencia, Spain. American Antiquity, 72, 485–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, S. B. (2005). Palae-Eskimo novice flintknapping in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Journal of Field Archaeology, 30, 329–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minar, J., & Crown, P. (2001). Learning and craft production: an introduction. Journal of Anthropological Research, 57, 369–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, A. (1996). The Psychology of Concentration in Sports Performers: A Comparative Analysis. Hove: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, J., & Allstadt, D. J. (1978). Hinge fracture rates of novice flintknappers. Lithic Technology, 7, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunn, G. R. (2006). Using the Jultand Type IC Neolithic Danish Dagger as a model to replicate parallel, edge-to-edge pressure flaking. In J. Apel & K. Knutsson (Eds.), Skilled Production and Social Reproduction. Aspects on Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies. Proceedings from an International Symposium held in Uppsala August 20–24, 2003 (pp. 81–113). Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, SAU Stone Studies 2.

  • Olausson, D. (1997). Craft specialization as an agent of social power in the south Scandinavian Neolithic. In R. Schild & Z. Sulgostowska (Eds.) Man and Flint: Proceedings of the VIIth International Flint Symposium (pp. 269–278). Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology.

  • Olausson, D. (1998). Different strokes for different folks. Possible reasons for variation in quality of knapping. Lithic Technology, 23(2), 90–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelegrin, J. (1990). Prehistoric lithic technology: some aspects of research. Archaeological Review Cambridge, 9, 116–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1972). The Psychology of the Child. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pigeot, N. (1987). Magdaléniens D'Etiolles: Economie de Debitage et Organisation Sociale (L'Unite d'Habitation U5), 25th suppl Gallia Préhistoire. Paris: CRNS.

  • Pigeot, N. (1990). Technical and social actors: flintknapping specialists at Magdalenian Etiolles. Archaeological Review Cambridge, 9, 126–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roux, V., & Bril, B. (Eds.) (2005). Stone Knapping: the necessary conditions for a uniquely hominin behaviour. Cambridge: McDonald Institute.

  • Proctor, R. W., & Dutta, A. (1995). Skill Acquisition and Human Performance. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, D. (2006). Tasmanian knowledge and skill: maladaptive imitation or adequate technology. American Antiquity, 71, 164–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, B. (1995). Observing sociocultural activity on three planes: participatory appropriation, guided participation, and apprenticeship. In J. Wertsch, P. del Rio & A. Alvrez (Eds.), Sociocultural Studies of Mind (pp. 139–164). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, B., & Gardner, W. (1984). Adult guidance of cognitive development. In R. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.) Everyday Cognition (pp. 95–116). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Root, M. (2000). The Archaeology of the Bobtail Wolf Site. Pullman: Washington State University Press.

  • Roux, V. (1990). The psychosocial analysis of technical activities: a contribution to the study of craft specialization. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 1, 142–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roux, V., Bril, B., & Gilles, D. (1995). Skills and learning difficulties involved in stone knapping: the case of stone-bead knapping in Khambhat, India. World Archaeology, 27(1), 63–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saville, A. (1990). Hazleton North, Gloucestershire, 1979–82: The Excavation of a Neolithic Long Cairn of the Cotswold-Severn Group. London: English Heritage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer, M. (1972). Behavioral Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer, M. (1987). Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheets, P. (1975). Behavioral analysis and the structure of a prehistoric industry. Current Anthropology, 16, 369–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, P. H. (1990). Variation in lithic assemblages: an experiment. Journal of Field Archaeology, 17, 87–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shennan, S. (2002). Genes, Memes, and Human History. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shennan, S., & Steele, J. (1999). Cultural learning in hominids: a behavioral ecological approach. In H. Box & K. Gibson (Eds.) Mammalian Social Learning (pp. 367–388). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shott, M. (1997). Transmission theory in the study of stone tools: a Midwestern example. In G. Clark & C. Parton (Eds.) Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory in Archaeological Explanation (pp. 193–208). Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 7. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association.

  • Smith, E. (2000). Three styles in the evolutionary analysis of human behavior. In L. Cronk, N. Chagnon & W. Irons (Eds.) Adaptation and Human Behavior (pp. 27–46). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, M. (1998). In search of hindsight: experiments in the production of Neolithic Danish flint daggers. Antiquity, 72, 338–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanislawski, M. (1978). If pots were mortal. In R. Gould (Ed.) Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology (pp. 201–227). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, M. (1998). The Archaeology of Social Boundaries. Washington: Smithsonian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, M. (2003). Current Issues in Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research, 11, 193–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, D. (2002). Skill and cognition in stone tool production. An ethnographic case study from Irian Jaya. Current Anthropology, 5, 693–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, D. (2005). The Social and Cultural Context of Stone-knapping Skill Acquistion. In V. Roux & B. Bril (Eds.) Stone Knapping: The Necessary Conditions for a Uniquely Hominin Behaviour (pp. 331–340). Cambridge: McDonald Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, D., & Chaminade, T. (2007). The evolutionary neuroscience of toll making. Neuropsychologia, 45, 1091–1100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, D., Toth, N., Schick, K., Stout, J., & Hutchins, G. (2000). Stone tool-making and brain activation: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27, 1215–1223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terkel, S. (1974). Working. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Titmus, G. L. & Woods, J. C. (2003). The Maya Eccentric. Evidence for the use of the indirect percussion technique in Mesoamerica from preliminary experiements concerning their manufacture. In K. G. Hirth (Ed.) Mesoamerican Lithic Technology: Experimentation and Interpretation (pp. 132–146). Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrence, R. (1986). Production and Exchange of Stone Tools: Prehistoric Obsidian in the Aegean. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallaert-Petre, H. (2001). Learning how to make the right pots: apprenticeship strategies and material culture, a case study in handmade pottery from Cameroon. Journal of Anthropological Research, 57, 471–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washburn, D. K. (2001). Remembering things seen: experimental approaches to the process of information transmittal. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 8(1), 67–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weedman, K. (2002). On the spur of the moment: effects of age and experience on hafted stone scraper morphology. American Antiquity, 67, 731–744.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, J. C. (1987). Individual variation as an approach to economic organisation: projectile points at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona. Journal of Field Archaeology, 14, 465–979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, J. C. (1994). Flintknapping: Making and Understanding Stone Tools. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, J. C. (2004) American Flintknappers: Stone Age Art in the Age of Computer. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, J., & Stafford, M. (1999). Replicas, fakes, and art: the twentieth century stone age and its effects on archaeology. American Antiquity, 64, 203–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winfrey, J. (1990). An event tree analysis of Folsom point failure. Plains Anthropologist, 35, 263–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterhalder, B. (1980). Optimal foraging strategies and hunter-gatherer research in Anthropology: theory and Models. In B. Winterhalder & E. Smith (Eds.) Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies (pp. 13–35). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D., Brunner, S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 66, 181–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, T. (1993). Layers of thinking in tool behaviour. In K. R. Gibson & T. Ingold (Eds.) Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution (pp. 429–445). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. E., & Bonnichsen, R. (1984). Understanding Stone Tools: A Cognitive Approach. Maine: Centre for the study of Early Man.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We conceived this project over coffees and lunches at University College, Cork, Ireland, and we owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Peter Woodman for throwing us together there. All of the authors presented their papers at a workshop at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and also as a symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Denver in 2002 (supported by grants from the CU-Boulder Council on Research and Creative Work, the Department of Archaeology, The University of Glasgow, and a British Academy International Networks Grant award ). This paper benefited from the comments of Cathy Cameron, Linda Cordell, Jim Dixon, Art Joyce, Steve Lekson, and Payson Sheets and two anonymous reviewers. Thanks to Lorraine McEwan for the figures.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Douglas B. Bamforth.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bamforth, D.B., Finlay, N. Introduction: Archaeological Approaches to Lithic Production Skill and Craft Learning. J Archaeol Method Theory 15, 1–27 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9043-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9043-3

Keywords

Navigation