Abstract
Kappaphycus alvarezii, a kappa carrageenan yielding red seaweed, was cultivated in Indian subtropical waters on the Palk Bay side of Bay of Bengal in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, at three different sites: Vedalai, Munaikadu, and Thonithurai, for 1 year from April 2011 to March 2012. The maximum crop yields of 416 ± 51 and 550 ± 41 FW raft−1 were recorded at Vedalai and Munaikadu, respectively, in December 2011, whereas a maximum of 326 ± 49 FW raft−1 was recorded at Thonithurai in April 2011. Similarly, the maximum daily growth rates (DGRs) of 4.30 ± 0.51 % and 4.92 ± 0.40 % were obtained at Vedalai and Munaikadu, respectively, in December 2011, and 3.76 ± 0.48 % was recorded at Thonithurai in April 2011. Variations in environmental parameters like seawater temperature, salinity, nitrate, and phosphate were found to influence the growth of the seaweed. The maximum carrageenan content as a percentage of dry weight was 29.30 ± 0.61 % (Vedalai), 31.00 ± 0.71 % (Munaikadu), and 29.10 ± 1.12 % (Thonithurai) in March 2012. The data on moisture content (%), clean anhydrous weed/salt ratio, and carrageenan yield obtained in this study fulfilled those of international standards. Further, the results indicated that large-scale cultivation by either NGOs or self-help groups (SHGs) may be taken up along the coastal waters for the benefit of the poverty-stricken coastal people as their livelihood, as the growth rate obtained in this study compared well with that recommended for commercial cultivation elsewhere.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adnan H, Porse H (1987) Culture of Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum in Indonesia. Hydrobiologia 151/152 14:355–358
Ask EI, Azanza RV (2002) Advances in cultivation technology of commercial Euchematoid species: a review with suggestions for future research. Aquaculture 206:257–277
Bindu MS (2010) Empowerment of coastal communities in cultivation and processing of Kappaphycus alvarezii—a case study at Vizhinjam village, Kerala, India. J Appl Phycol 23:789–796
Bixler HJ, Porse H (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J Appl Phycol 23:321–335
Braud JP, Perez R (1978) Farming on a pilot scale of Eucheuma spinosum (Florideophyceae) in Djibouti waters. In: Jenson A, Stein J (eds) Proceedings of the 9th International Seaweed Symposium. Science Press, Princeton, pp 533–539
Dawes CJ, Lluisma AO, Trono GC (1994) Laboratory and field growth studies of commercial strains of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Philippines. J Appl Phycol 6:21–24
Doty MS (1973) Farming the red seaweed Eucheuma for carrageenan. Micronesia 9:59–73
Doty MS, Alvarez VB (1975) Status, problems, advances and economics of Eucheuma farms. J Mar Technol Soc 9:30–35
Eswaran K, Ghosh PK, Mairh OP (2002) Experimental field cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex. P. Silva at Mandapam region. Seaweed Res Util 24:67–72
Glenn EP, Doty MS (1990) Growth of seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii, K. striatum and Eucheume denticulatum as affected by environment in Hawaii. Aquaculture 84:245–255
Glenn EP, Doty MS (1992) Water motion affects the growth rates of Kappaphycus alvarezii and related red seaweeds. Aquaculture 108:233–246
Goés HG, Reis RP (2012) Temporal variation of the growth, carrageenan yield and quality of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultivated at Sepetiba Bay, southeastern Brazilian coast. J Appl Phycol 24:173–180
Gunalan B, Kotiya AS, Jetani AT (2010) Comparison of Kappaphycus alvarezii growth at two different places of Saurashtra region. Eur J Appl Sci 2(1):10–12
Hayashi L, Paula EJD, Chow F (2007) Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical waters of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. J Appl Phycol 19:505–511
Hurtado-Ponce AQ (1995) Carrageenan properties and proximate composition of three morphotypes of Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) grown at two depths. Bot Mar 38:215–219
Hurtado-Ponce AQ, Agbayani RF, Sanares R, de Castro-Mallare TR (2001) The seasonality and economic feasibility of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines. Aquaculture 199:295–310
Iskandar A, Syam R, Trijuno DD, Rahmi D (2013) Content of Carrageenan, Chlorophyll a and Carotenoid of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in different seawater depth Laikang Village, District of Mangarabombang, Takalkar Regency. J Appl Biotechnol 2:1–9
Kotiya AS, Gunalan B, Parmar HV, Jaikumar M, Dave T, Solanki JB, Makwana NP (2011) Growth comparison of the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in nine different coastal areas of Gujarat coast, India. Pelagia Research Library. Adv Appl Sci Res 2:99–106
Lirasan T, Twide P (1993) Farming Eucheuma in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Hydrobiologia 260/261:353–355
Liu S, Zhuang P (1984) The commercial cultivation of Eucheuma in China. Proc Int Symp 11:243–245
Luxton DM (1993) Aspects of the farming and processing of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in Indonesia. Hydrobiologia 260/261:365–371
Luxton DM, Luxton PM (1999) Development of commercial Kappaphycus production in the Line Islands, Central Pacific. Hydrobiologia 398/399:477–486
Luxton IM, Robertson M, Kindley MJ (1987) Farming of Eucheuma in the South Pacific Islands of Fiji. Hydrobiologia 151/152:359–362
Mairh OP, Zodape ST, Tewari A, Rajaguru MR (1995) Culture of marine red alga Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty on the Saurashtra region, west coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci 24:24–31
Mairh OP, Reddy CRK, Raja Krishna Kumar G (1998) The seaweed resources of India. In: Critchley AT, Ohno M (eds) Seaweed resources of the world. International Cooperation Agency, Japan, pp 110–126
Mandal SK, Mantri VA, Soumya H, Eswaran K, Ganesan M (2010) Invasion potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii on corals at Kurusalai Island, Gulf of Mannar, India. Algae 25:205–216
Mollion J, Braud JP (1993) A Eucheuma (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) cultivation test on the south-west coast of Madagascar. Hydrobiologia 260/261:373–378
Msuya F, Buriyo A, Omar I, Pascal B, Narrain K, Ravina JM, Mrabu E, Wakibia J (2013) Cultivation and utilisation of red seaweeds in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region. J Appl Phycol. doi:10.1007/s10811-013-0086-4
Munoz J, Freile-Pelegrin Y, Robledo D (2004) Mariculture of Kappaphycus alvarezii ((Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) color strains in tropical waters of Yucatan, Mexico. Aquaculture 239:161–177
Neish I (2003) ABC of Eucheuma seaplant production. Monograph 1–0703, Suriya Link pp 1–80
Ohno M, Largo DB, Ikumoto T (1994) Growth rate, carrageenan yield and gel properties of cultured kappa—carrageenan producing red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in the subtropical waters of Shikoku, Japan. J Appl Phycol 6:1–6
Ohno M, Nang HO, Hirase S (1996) Cultivation and carrageenan yield and quality of Kappaphycus alvarezii in the waters of Vietnam. J Appl Phycol 8:431–437
Parker HS (1974) The culture of the red algal genus Eucheuma in the Philippines. Aquaculture 3:425–439
Paula EJ, Pereira RTL (2003) Factors affecting growth rates of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex. P. Silva (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in sub-tropical waters of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. In: Chapman AR, Anderson ORJ, Vreeland VJ, Davison IR (eds) Proceedings of the 17th International Seaweed Symposium. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 381–388
Paula EJ, Pereira RTL, Ohno M (2002) Growth rate of carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigardinales) introduced in subtropical waters of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Phycol Res 50:1–9
Prakash J (1990) Fiji. In: Adams T, Foscarini R (eds) Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Seaweed Culture and Marketing South Pacific Aquaculture Development Project. Food and Aquaculture Organization of the United Nations, Suva, Fiji, 14–17 November 1989 GCP/RAS/116/JPN pp 1–9
Qian PY, Wu CY, Wu M, Xie YK (1996) Integrated cultivation of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii and the pearl oyster Pinctada martensi. Aquaculture 147:21–35
Santaley NF (1987) Production, properties and uses of carrageenan. In: McHugh DJ (ed) Production and Utilization of Products from Commercial Seaweed, FAO Fish. Tech. Paper No. 288pp. 118–123
Stickland JDH, Parsons TR (1972) A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fish Res Board Canada Bull 167. 311 pp
Subba Rao PV, Suresh Kumar K, Ganesan K, Mukund CT (2008) Feasibility of cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty at different localities on the northwest coast of India. Aquaculture 39:1107–1114
Thirumaran G, Anantharaman P (2009) Daily growth rate of field farming seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex. P. Silva in Velar Estuary. World J Fish Mar Sci 1:144–153
Trono GC, Ohno M (1989) Seasonality in the biomass production of the Eucheuma strains in Northern Bohol, Philippines. In: Umezaki I (ed) Scientific survey of marine algae and their resources in Philippine islands. Monbusho International Scientific Research Program, Japan, pp 71–80
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank The Dean and Director, CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Cuddalore (Dist), Tamilnadu, India and the higher authorities of Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Periyasamy, C., Anantharaman, P., Balasubramanian, T. et al. Seasonal variation in growth and carrageenan yield in cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty on the coastal waters of Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu. J Appl Phycol 26, 803–810 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0256-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0256-z