Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Commercial production of carrageenophytes in the Philippines: ensuring long-term sustainability for the industry

  • Published:
Journal of Applied Phycology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An abundance of marine algae along the Philippines' long, irregular coastline (36,289 km) has made it inevitable for Filipinos to exploit algae for food, feeds, medicine, or other purposes. Among the most popular of these algae are the carrageenophytes, which include four genera, six species, and 21 morphotypes/varieties/cultivars under the Family Solieriaceae. However, commercial production did not begin until 1973. The development of carrageenophyte farming for commercial purposes evolved from simple fixed-bottom monoline farming by coastal farmers, who refined the technology themselves, with the help and guidance of local and international scientists, which has led to a commercially viable industry with a maximum estimated production of 97,000–102,820 dry, metric tons in 2004. Farm gate revenues for that year were estimated at US$ 82.45–87.4 million (four croppings year−1), whose main recipients were the local seaweed farmers. However, in 2008, production started to decline, which was brought primarily by the deteriorating quality of propagules and the perennial occurrence of “ice-ice” and harmful endophytes caused by environmental stresses due to unfavorable weather conditions, and secondarily, the peace and order problem in the major producing areas like Zamboanga, Maguindanao, Basilan, and Sulu in Mindanao and insufficient government support. This paper aims to assess the present situation and suggest how to possibly reverse the situation to its usual productive periods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ADB (2008) Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008. Manila, Asia and the Development Bank, 252p (also available at http://beta.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and pacific-2008)

  • Ask EI (2003) Creating sustainable commercial Eucheuma cultivation industry: the importance and necessity of human factor. In: Chapman ARO, Anderson RJ, Vreeland VJ, Davison IR (eds) Proceedings, 17th International Seaweed Symposium. Cape Town. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 13–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ask EI, Azanza RV (2002) Advances in cultivation technology of commercial eucheumatoid species: a review with suggestions for future research. Aquaculture 206:257–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ask EI, Batibasaga A, Zertuche-Gonzalez JA, de San M (2003) Three decades of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) introduction to non-endemic locations. In: Chapman ARO, Anderson RJ, Vreeland VJ, Davison IR (eds) Proceedings, 17th International Seaweed Symposium, Cape Town. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 49–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Azanza-Corrales R, Dawes CJ (1989) Wound healing in cultured Eucheuma alvarezii tambalang Doty. Bot Mar 32:229–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azanza-Corrales R, Mamauag S, Martin M, Sa-a P (1994) Laboratory branch culture of some Philippine farmed carrageenophytes. Aquaculture 103:29–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bindu MS, Levine IA (2011) The commercial red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii—an overview on farming and environment. J Appl Phycol 23:789–796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bixler HJ, Porse H (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J Appl Phycol 23:321–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borlongan IAG, Tibubos KR, Yunque DAT, Hurtado AQ, Critchley AT (2011) Impact of AMPEP on the growth and occurrence of epiphytic Neosiphonia infestation on two varieties of commercially cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii grown at different depths in the Philippines. J Appl Phycol 23:615–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheney D, Rudolph B, Wang LZ, Metz B, Watson K, Roberts K, Levine I (1998) Genetic manipulation and strain improvement in commercially valuable red seaweeds. In: Le Gal Y, Halvorson HO (eds) New Developments in Marine Biotechnology. Plenum Press, NY, pp 101–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopin T (1998) The seaweed resources of Eastern Canada. In: Critchley A, Ohno M (eds) Seaweed Resources of the World. International Cooperation Agency, Yokosuka, Japan, pp 289–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Dakay B (2010) The Future of Carrageenan Industry. Paper presented at SEABFEX III in Surabaya, Indonesia in 2010.

  • Dawes CJ, Lluisma AO, Trono GC (1994) Laboratory and field growth studies of commercial strains of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Philippines. J Appl Phycol 16:21–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doty MS (1973) Farming the red seaweed, Eucheuma for carrageenans. Micronesica 9:59–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Doty MS (1978) Eucheuma, current marine agronomy. In: Krauss RW (ed), The Marine Plant Biomass of the Pacific Northwest Coast Symposium. Oregon State Univ Press, Corvallis, Oregon. pp 203–214

  • Doty MS, Alvarez VB (1981) Eucheuma farm productivity. In: Fogg GE, Jones WE (eds) Proceedings, 8th International Seaweed Symposium. The Marine Science Laboratory, Menai Bridge, pp 688–691

  • Guerrero RD (2001) Farming of carrageenophytes in the Philippines. New Delhi, APAARI, 25p

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi L, Hurtado AQ, Msuya FE, Bleicher-Lhonneur G, Critchley AT (2010) A review of Kappaphycus farming: prospects and constraints. In: Seckbach J, Einav R, Israel A (eds) Seaweeds and their Role in Globally Changing Environments, Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 15. Springer, New York, pp 255–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Hishamunda N, Valderrama D (eds) (2012). Social and Economic Dimensions of Seaweed Cultivation: Assessment and Case Studies. FAO Fisheries and Technical Paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (in press)

  • Hurtado AQ (2012). Socio-economic dimensions of seaweed farming in the Philippines. In Hishamunda, N. Valderrama D (eds). Social and Economic Dimensions of Seaweed Cultivation: Assessment and Case Studies. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, Rome, FAO (in press)

  • Hurtado AQ, Biter AB (2007) Plantlet regeneration of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. adik adik by tissue culture. J Appl Phycol 19:783–786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado AQ, Cheney DP (2003) Propagule production of Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins and Harvey by tissue culture. Bot Mar 46:338–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado AQ, Agbayani RF, Sanares R, Castro Mallare MTR (2001) The seasonality and economic feasibility of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii in Panagatan Cays Caluya Antique, Philippines. Aquaculture 199:295–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado AQ, Bleicher-Lhonneur G, Critchley AT (2008). Kappaphycus “cotonii”farming. (Revised edition), Cargill Texturizing Solutions, France, 26p

  • Hurtado AQ, Yunque DA, Tibubos KT, Critchley A (2009) Use of Acadian marine plant extract powder from Ascophyllum nodosum in tissue culture of Kappaphycus varieties. J Appl Phycol 21:633–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado AQ, Munib J, Sanares R, Fan D, Prithiviraj B, Critchley AT (2012) Investigation of the application of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) to enhance the growth, phenolic content, free radical scavenging, and iron chelating activities of Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 24:601–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado-Ponce AQ (1994) Cage culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty and Epinephelus sp. In: Aliño PM (ed) Proc Nat Symp Mar Sci 2:103–108

  • Hurtado-Ponce AQ (1995) Carrageenan properties and proximate composition of three morphotypes of Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Bot Mar 38:215–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain S (2006). The seaweed industry: exploring an alternative to poverty. Department of Trade and Industry, Manila, Republic of the Philippines, 124p

  • Largo DB, Fukami F, Nishijima T, Ohno M (1995a) Laboratory induced development of the ice-ice disease of the farmed red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceace, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 7:539–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Largo DB, Fukami K, Nishijina T (1995b) Occasional pathogenic bacteria promoting ice-ice in carrageenan-producing red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceace, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 7:545–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JR, Porse H (1981) Breakthrough in the commercial culture in Northern Bohol, Philippines. In: Levring T (ed) Proceedings of the 10th International Seaweed Symposium, Quingdao, China. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 602–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Loureiro RR, Reis RP, Critchley AT (2010) In vitro cultivation of three Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Areschougiaceae) variants (green, red and brown) exposed to a commercial extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae, Ochrophyta). J Appl Phycol 22:101–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luhan MRJ, Sollesta H (2010) Growing the reproductive cells (carpospores) of the seaweed, Kappaphycus striatum, in the laboratory until outplanting in the field and maturation to tetrasporophyte. J Appl Phycol 22:579–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neori A, Chopin T, Troell M, Buschmann AH, Kraemer GP, Halling C, Shpigel M, Yarish C (2004) Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture. Aquaculture 231:361–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker HS (1974) The culture of the red algal genus Eucheuma in the Philippines. Aquaculture 3:425–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian PY, Wu CWY, Wu M, Xie YK (1996) Integrated cultivation of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii and the pearl oyster Pinctada martensi. Aquaculture 147:21–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigueza MRC, Montaño MNE (2007) Bioremediation potential of three carrageenophytes cultivated in the tanks with seawater from fish farms. J Appl Phycol 19:755–762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samonte GPB, Hurtado-Ponce AQ, Caturao R (1993) Economic analysis of bottom line and raft monoline culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalang in Western Visayas, Philippines. Aquaculture 110:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trono GC Jr (1990) A review of the production technologies of tropical species of economic seaweeds. In Regional workshop on the culture and utilization of seaweeds, held 27–31 August 1990 in Cebu City, The Philippines. Bangkok, Regional Seafarming Development and Demonstration Project RAS/90/002 and Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA). Tech Resour Pap 2:3–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Trono GC Jr (1992) Eucheuma and Kappaphycus: taxonomy and cultivation. Bull Mar Sci Fish Kochi Univ 12:51–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Trono GC Jr. (1974). Eucheuma farming in the Philippines. University of the Philippines Natural Science Research Center Publication, Diliman, Quezon City, 13p

  • Trono GC Jr, Lluisma A (1992) Differences in biomass production and carrageenan yields among four strains of farmed carrageenophytes in Northern Bohol, Philippines. Hydrobiologia 247:223–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trono GC, Lluisima AO, Montaño MNE (2000). Primer on Farming and Strain Selection of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in the Philippines. PCAMRD ,UNDP and UP MSI, 33p

  • Yunque DAT, Tibubos KR, Hurtado AQ, Critchley AT (2011) Optimization of culture conditions for tissue culture production of young plantlets of carrageenophyte Kappaphycus. J Appl Phycol 23:615–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Dr. Joel Cuello and the organizing committee of 8th APCAB (Adelaide, Australia) for their invitation and to Ms. Fatima S. Ren and Mr. Rick Allan R. Chua for their technical assistance in preparing this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries, McArthur Highway, Tabuc Suba, Jaro, Iloilo City, 5000, Philippines

    Anicia Q. Hurtado

  2. Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines (UP), Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

    Marco Nemesio E. Montaño

  3. Institute of Biological Sciences, UP Los Baños College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines

    Milagrosa R. Martinez-Goss

Authors
  1. Anicia Q. Hurtado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marco Nemesio E. Montaño
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Milagrosa R. Martinez-Goss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Milagrosa R. Martinez-Goss.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hurtado, A.Q., Montaño, M.N.E. & Martinez-Goss, M.R. Commercial production of carrageenophytes in the Philippines: ensuring long-term sustainability for the industry. J Appl Phycol 25, 733–742 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9945-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9945-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation