Skip to main content
Log in

Brief Report: A Pilot Online Pivotal Response Treatment Training Program for Parents of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Brief Report
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite advances in evidence-based treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), disparities in service access remain a serious concern. Current treatment models may not be feasible for families who live in remote geographical regions or have limited resources. To address this, studies have begun to explore parent-implemented interventions via an online format. The current study examined a new online course designed to help parents implement Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) for their toddler with ASD. Parents submitted videos of parent–child interactions which were coded for fidelity of implementation (FOI) and social communicative behaviors. The data indicate that PRT fidelity and child behaviors significantly improved following course participation. This suggests that an online intervention may be a feasible approach to disseminating PRT strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Antezana, L., Scarpa, A., Valdespino, A., Albright, J., & Richey, J. A. (2017). Rural trends in diagnosis and services for autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bearss, K., Burrell, T. L., Challa, S. A., Postorino, V., Gillespie, S. E., Crooks, C., et al. (2017). Feasibility of parent training via telehealth for children with autism spectrum disorder and disruptive behavior: A demonstration pilot. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3363-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, J., Koegel, L. K., & Koegel, R. L. (2017). Improving functional language and social motivation with a parent-mediated intervention for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 2443–2458.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social responsiveness scale-second edition (SRS-2). Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., & Bernier, R. (2013). A quarter century of progress on the early detection and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1455–1472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenbach, G. (2005). The law of attrition. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(1), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardan, A. Y., Gengoux, G. W., Berquist, K. L., Libove, R. A., Ardel, C. M., Phillips, J., et al. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of Pivotal Response Treatment Group for parents of children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(8), 884–892.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heidgerken, A. D., Geffken, G., Modi, A., & Frakey, L. (2005). A survey of autism knowledge in a health care setting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 323–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingersoll, B., Wainer, A. L., Berger, N. I., Pickard, K. E., & Bonter, N. (2016). Comparison of a self-directed and therapist-assisted telehealth parent-mediated intervention for children with ASD: A pilot RCT. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 2275–2284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee. (2014). IACC strategic plan for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research- 2013 Update. Retrieved from http://iacc.hhs.gov/strategic-plan/2013/index.shtml

  • Johnson, E., & Hastings, R. P. (2002). Facilitating factors and barriers to the implementation of intensive home-based behavioural intervention for young children with autism. Child, 28(2), 123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, E., Naigles, L., & Fein, D. (2010). An in-depth examination of optimal outcome children with a history of autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4, 526–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R., & Koegel, L. (2012). The PRT pocket guide: Pivotal response treatment for autism spectrum disorders. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Bimbela, A., & Schreibman, L. J. (1996). Collateral effects of parent training on family interactions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(3), 347–359.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Vernon, T. W., & Koegel, L. K. (2009). Improving social initiations in young children with autism using reinforcers with embedded social interactions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1240–1251.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, S., Wacker, D., Suess, A., et al. (2016). Telehealth and autism: Treating challenging behavior at lower cost. Pediatrics, 137(S2), S169–S175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liptak, G. S., Benzoni, L. B., Mruzek, D. W., Nolan, K., Thingvoll, M. A., et al. (2008). Disparities in diagnosis and access to health services for children with autism: Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 29(3), 152–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, D. S., Listerud, J., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2002). Race differences in the age at diagnosis among Medicaid-eligible children with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(12), 1447–1453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, L. L., & Barton, E. E. (2010). Early childhood autism services: How wide is the research to practice divide? Behavioral Development Bulletin, 16(1), 34–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mello, M. P., Goldman, S. E., Urbano, R. C., & Hodapp, R. M. (2016). Services for children with autism spectrum disorder: Comparing rural and non-rural communities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 51(4), 355–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minjarez, M. B., Mercier, E. M., Williams, S. E., & Hardan, A. Y. (2012). Impact of pivotal response training group therapy on stress and empowerment in parents of children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(2), 71–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nefdt, N., Koegel, R., Singer, G., & Gerber, M. (2009). The use of a self-directed learning program to provide introductory training in pivotal response treatment to parents of children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12(1), 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, E., Bui, T. N., & Velasquez, S. E. (2011). Telepsychology: Research and practice overview. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(1), 67–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, D., Cordier, R., Vaz, S., & Lee, H. C. (2017). Parent-mediated intervention training delivered remotely for children with autism spectrum disorder living outside of urban areas: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(8), e198.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ritterband, L. M., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Cox, D. J., Clifton, A. D., West, R. W., & Borowitz, S. (2003). Internet interventions: In review, in use and into the future. Professional Psychology, 34(5), 527–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreibman, L., Dawson, G., Stahmer, A. C., Landa, R., Rogers, S. J., McGee, G. G., et al. (2015). Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2411–2428.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stahmer, A. C., Collings, N. M., & Palinkas, L. A. (2005). Early intervention practices for children with autism: Descriptions from community providers. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 66–79.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K. C., Ellis, A. R., McLaurin, C., Daniels, J., & Morrissey, J. P. (2007). Access to care for autism-related services. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1902–1912.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, T. W., Koegel, R. L., Dauterman, H., & Stolen, K. (2012). An early social engagement intervention for children with autism and their parents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(12), 2702–2717.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vismara, L. A., McCormick, C., Young, G. S., Nadhan, A., & Monlux, K. (2013). Preliminary findings of a telehealth approach to parent training in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2953–2969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vismara, L. A., Young, G. S., & Rogers, S. J. (2012). Telehealth for expanding the reach of early autism training to parents. Autism Research and Treatment, 2012, 121878.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wacker, D. P., Lee, J. F., Padilla Dalmau, Y. C., Kopelman, T. G., Lindgren, S. D., Kuhle, J., et al. (2012). Conducting functional communication training via telehealth to reduce the problem behavior of young children with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25, 35–48.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wainer, A. L., Hepburn, S., & Griffith, E. M. (2017). Remembering parents in parent-mediated early intervention: An approach to examining impact on parents and families. Autism, 21(1), 5–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wainer, A. L., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2015). Increasing access to an ASD imitation intervention via a telehealth parent training program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 3877–3890.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • West, E., Travers, J., Kemper, T. D., Liberty, L. M., Cote, D. L., McCollow, M. M., et al. (2016). Racial and ethnic diversity of participants in research supporting evidence-based practices for learners with autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of Special Education, 50(3), 151–163.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge all of the families who participated in this research, along with all of the research assistants that made this project possible.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

EM and TV jointly developed the online PRT training program. AB served as a lead research assistant on this project and assisted with data input, organization, and analysis. All authors contributed to the manuscript drafting and revision process.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth McGarry.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

McGarry, E., Vernon, T. & Baktha, A. Brief Report: A Pilot Online Pivotal Response Treatment Training Program for Parents of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 50, 3424–3431 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04100-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04100-2

Keywords

Navigation