Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parent-Mediated Intervention for One-Year-Olds Screened as At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Theoretically, interventions initiated with at-risk infants prior to the point in time a definitive autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis can be made will improve outcomes. Pursuing this idea, we tested the efficacy of a parent-mediated early intervention called Adapted Responsive Teaching (ART) via a randomized controlled trial with 87 one-year-olds identified by community screening with the First Year Inventory as at-risk of later ASD diagnoses. We found minimal evidence for main effects of ART on child outcomes. However, ART group parents showed significantly greater increases in responsiveness to their infants than control group parents. Further, significant indirect (mediation) effects of assignment group on multiple child outcomes through changes in parent responsiveness supported our theory of change.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baghdadli, A., Picot, M. C., Pascal, C., Pry, R., & Aussilloux, C. (2003). Relationship between age of recognition of first disturbances and severity in young children with autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 122–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baranek, G. T. (1999a). Autism during infancy: A retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9–12 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 213–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baranek, G. T. (1999b). Sensory experiences questionnaire (SEQ). Unpublished manuscript.

  • Baranek, G. T. (1999c). Sensory processing assessment for young children (SPA). Unpublished manuscript.

  • Baranek, G. T., Boyd, B. A., Poe, M. D., David, F. J., & Watson, L. R. (2007). Hyperresponsive sensory patterns in young children with autism, developmental delay, and typical development. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 112, 233–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baranek, G. T., Watson, L. R., Boyd, B. A., Poe, M. D., David, F. J., & McGuire, L. (2013). Hyporesponsiveness to social and nonsocial sensory stimuli in children with autism, children with developmental delays, and typically developing children. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 307–320.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baranek, G. T., Watson, L. R., Crais, E. C., & Reznick, R. S. (2003). First Year Inventory (FYI), version 2.0. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Baranek, G. T., Watson, L. R., Turner-Brown, L., Field, S. H., Crais, E. R., Wakeford, L., Little, L. M., & Reznick, J. S. (2015). Preliminary efficacy of Adapted Responsive Teaching for infants at-risk for autism spectrum disorder in a community sample. Autism Research and Treatment, 2015, 386951. doi:10.1155/2015/386951.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, P. J. (1991). Comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of the effect of young children with and without disabilities. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 95, 585–595.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedford, R., Pickles, A., Gliga, T., Elsabbagh, M., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2014). Additive effects of social and non-social attention during infancy relate to later autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Science, 17(4), 612–620.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Itzchak, E., & Zachor, D. A. (2007). The effects of intellectual functioning and autism severity on outcome of early behavioral intervention for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 287–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The parental stress scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 12, 463–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blauw-Hospers, C. H., & Hadders-Algra, M. (2005). A systematic review of the effects of early intervention on motor development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47(6), 421–432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. H. (1995). Parenting infants. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (1st edn., pp. 3–39). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. H., Tamis-Lemonda, C. S., Hahn, C. S., & Haynes, O. M. (2008). Maternal responsiveness to young children at three ages: Longitudinal analysis of a multidimensional, modular, and specific parenting construct. Developmental Psychology, 44, 867–874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. H., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Tal, J., Ludemann, P., Toda, S., Rahn, C. W., … Vardi, D. (1992). Maternal responsiveness to infants in three societies: The United States, France, and Japan. Child Development, 63, 808–821.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burchinal, M., Nelson, L., & Poe, M. (2006). Growth curve analysis: An introduction to various methods for analyzing longitudinal data. In K. McCartney, M. Burchinal & K. Bub (Eds.), Best practices in quantitative methods for developmentalists. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Oxford: Blackwell

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A. S., Messinger, D. S., Stone, W. L., Celimli, S., Nahmias, A. S., & Yoder, P. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of Hanen’s ‘more than words’ in toddlers with early autism symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 741–752.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chawarska, K., Klin, A., Paul, R., & Volkmar, F. (2007). Autism spectrum disorder in the second year: Stability and change in syndrome expression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 128–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., Todd, R. D., Schindler, M. K., Gross, M. M., Brophy, S. L., … Reich, W. (2003). Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: Comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 427–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino, J. N., Zhang, Y., Frazier, T., Abbacchi, A. M., & Law, P. (2010). Sibling recurrence and the genetic epidemiology of autism. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1349–1356.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1278–1291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G. (2008). Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 775–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis Weismer, S., & Kover, S. T. (2015). Preschool language variation, growth, and predictors in children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(12), 1327–1337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R., & Klein, P. S. (2003). Toddlers’ self-regulated compliance to mothers, caregivers, and fathers: implications for theories of socialization. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 680–692.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenson, L., Marchman, V. A., Thal, D. J., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., & Bates, E. (2007). MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories: User’s guide and technical manual (2nd edn.). Baltimore: Brooks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freuler, A. C., Baranek, G. T., Tashjian, C., Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., & Turner-Brown, L. M. (2014). Parent reflections of experiences of participating in a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorders. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 18, 519–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gengoux, G. W., Berquist, K. L., Salzman, E., Schapp, S., Phillips, J. M., Frazier, T. W., … Hardan, A. Y. (2015). Pivotal response treatment parent training for autism: findings from a 3-month follow-up evaluation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(9), 2889–2898.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The autism diagnostic observation schedule: revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 613–627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J., Charman, T., Pickles, A., Wan, M. W., Elsabbagh, M., Slonims, V., … the BASIS team. (2015). Parent-mediated intervention versus no intervention for infants at high risk of autism: A parallel, single-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 133–140.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J., Pickles, A., Pasco, G., Bedford, R., Wan, M. W., Elsabbagh, M., … the BASIS Team (2017). Randomised trial of a parent-mediated intervention for infants at high risk for autism: Longitudinal outcomes to age 3 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J., Wan, M. W., Guirarud, J., Holsgrove, S., McNally, J., Slonims, V. …. the BASIS Team (2013). Intervention for infants at risk of developing autism: A case series. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2502–2514. DOI 10.1007/s10803-013-1797-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guinchat, V., Thorsen, P., Laurent, C., Cans, C., Bodeau, N., & Cohen, D. (2013). Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors for autism. Obstetric Anesthesia Digest, 33, 51–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardan, A. Y., Gengoux, G. W., Berquist, K. L., Libove, R. A., Ardel, C. M., Phillips, J., … Minjarez, M. B. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of pivotal response treatment group for parents of children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(8), 884–892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, S. L., & Handleman, J. S. (2000). Age and IQ at intake as predictors of placement for young children with autism: A four- to six-year follow-up. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 137–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschler-Guttenberg, Y., Golan, O., Ostfeld-Etzion, S., & Feldman, R. (2015). Mothering, fathering, and the regulation of negative and positive emotions in high-functioning preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(5), 530–539. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaegermann, N., & Klein, P. S. (2010). Enhancing mothers’ interactions with toddlers who have sensory-processing disorders. Infant Mental Health Journal, 31, 291–311. doi:10.1002/imhj.20257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juffer, F., Bakerman-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorm, M. J. (2008). Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention. New York: Taylor Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaale, A., Smith, L., & Sponheim, E. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of preschool-based joint attention intervention for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 97–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasari, C., Paparella, T., Freeman, S., & Jahromi, L. B. (2008). Language outcome in autism: randomized comparison of joint attention and play interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 125–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasari, C., Siller, M., Huynh, L. N., Shih, W., Swanson, M., Hellemann, G. S., & Sugar, C. A. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of parental responsiveness intervention for toddlers at high risk for autism. Infant Behavior & Development, 37, 711–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). Combining information from multiple sources for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders for toddlers and young preschoolers from 12 to 47 months of age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 143–151. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02458.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinard, J. L., Sideris, J., Watson, L. R., Baranek, G. T., Crais, E. R., Wakeford, L., & Turner-Brown, L. (2017). Predictors of parent responsiveness to 1-year-olds at-risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 172–186. doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2944-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., Forman, D. R., Aksan, N., & Dunbar, S. B. (2005). Pathways to conscience: Early mother-child mutually responsive orientation and children’s moral emotion, conduct, and cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46, 19–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, L., Singh, A., Koegel, R., Hollingsworth, J., & Bradshaw, J. (2014). Assessing and improving early social engagement in infants. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 16, 69–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R., Koegel, L., & Carter, C. (1999). Pivotal teaching interactions for children with autism. School Psychology Review, 28, 576–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., Assel, M. A., & Vellet, S. (2001). Does early responsive parenting have a special importance for children’s development or is consistency across early childhood. necessary? Developmental Psychology, 37, 387–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little, L. M., Freuler, A. C., Houser, M. B., Guckian, L., Carbine, K., David, F. J., & Baranek, G. T. (2011). Psychometric validation of the sensory experiences questionnaire. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 207–210.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., & Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2012). Autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition (ADOS-2). Torrence: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, G. (1999). The maternal behavior rating scale-revised. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Mahoney, G., & Macdonald, J. (2007). Autism and developmental delays in young children: The responsive teaching curriculum for parents and professionals. Austin: PRO-ED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, G., & Perales, F. (2005). A comparison of the impact of relationship-focused intervention on young children with pervasive developmental disorders and other disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 26, 77–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, G., Powell, A., & Finger, I. (1986). The maternal behavior rating scale. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 6, 44–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPheeters, M. L., Weitlauf, A., Vehorn, A., Taylor, C., Sathe, N. A., Krishnaswami, S., … Warren, Z. E. (2015). Screening for autism spectrum disorder in young children: A systematic evidence review for the U.S. preventive services task force. evidence synthesis no. 129. AHRQ Publication No. 13-05185-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, L., Wetherby, A. M., & Barber, A. (2008). Repetitive and stereotyped movements in children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(8), 826–837.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen, J. A., & Mastergeorge, A. M. (2014). A meta-analytic review of relationship-based interventions for low-income families with infants and toddlers: facilitating supportive parent-child interactions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35(4), 336–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, E. M. (1995). Mullen scales of early learning. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterling, I., Visser, J., Swinkels, S., Rommelse, N., Donders, R., Woudenberg, T., … Buitelaar, J. (2010). Randomized controlled trial of the focus parent training for toddlers with autism: 1-year outcome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1447–1458.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L. A., McHugh, L., Saunders, J., & Reed, P. (2008). Parenting stress reduces the effectiveness of early teaching interventions for autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1092–1103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osterling, J. A., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 239–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozonoff, S., Heung, K., Byrd, R., Hansen, R., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2008). The onset of autism: Patterns of symptom emergence in the first years of life. Autism Research, 1(6), 320–328.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, R., Campbell, D., Gilbert, K., & Tsiouri, I. (2013). Comparing spoken language treatments for minimally verbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 418–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickles, A., Harris, V., Green, J., Aldred, C., McConachie, H., & Slonims, V. … the PACT Consortium. (2015). Treatment mechanism in the MRC preschool autism communication trial: Implications for study design and parent-focussed therapy for children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 162–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, K., Carter, C., Weinfeld, M., Desmond, J., Hazin, R., Bjork, R., & Gallagher, N. (2011). Detecting, studying, and treating autism early: The one-year well-baby check-up approach. The Journal of Pediatrics, 159, 458–465.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Poon, K. K., Watson, L. R., Baranek, G. T., & Poe, M. D. (2012). To what extent do joint attention, imitation, and object play behaviors in infancy predict later communication and intellectual functioning in ASD? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1064–1074.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: The early childhood behavior questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development, 29, 386–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reznick, J. S., Baranek, G. T., Reavis, S., Watson, L. R., & Crais, E. R. (2007). A parent-report instrument for identifying one-year-olds at risk for an eventual diagnosis of autism: The first year inventory. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1691–1710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, A. L., Miller, P. M., & LeVine, R. A. (1992). Cultural and educational variations in maternal responsiveness. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S.J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Vismara, L., Winter, J., Fitzpatrick, A., … Dawson, G. (2012). Effects of a brief Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)-based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 1052–1065.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S. J., Vismara, L., Wagner, A. L., McCormick, C., Young, G., & Ozonoff, S. (2014). Autism treatment in the first year of life: A pilot study of infant start, a parent-implemented intervention for symptomatic infants. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 2981–2995.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S. J., & Vismara, L. A. (2008). Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 8–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K. (2009). The early childhood behavior questionnaire-short Form. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 359–371. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, B. S., Lee, J. O., Spieker, S., & Oxford, M. L. (2016). Parenting and preschool self-regulation as predictors of social emotional competence in 1st grade. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 30(2), 153–169.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sacrey, L. A., Bryson, S. E., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2013). Prospective examination of visual attention during play in infants at high-risk for autism spectrum disorder: A longitudinal study from 6 to 36 months of age. Behavioural Brain Research, 256, 441–450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. (2010). A unified theory of development: A dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Development, 81, 6–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandbank, M., & Yoder, P. (2014). Measuring representative communication in young children with developmental delay. Topics Early Childhood Special Education, 34(3), 133–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schertz, H. H., & Odom, S. L. (2007). Promoting joint attention in toddlers with autism: A parent-mediated developmental model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1562–1575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002). Unequal group sizes in randomised trials: Guarding against guessing. The Lancet, 359), 966–970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siller, M., Hutman, T., & Sigman, M. (2013). A parent-mediated intervention to increase responsive parental behaviors and child communication in children with ASD: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 540–555.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2008). Modeling longitudinal change in the language abilities of children with autism: Parent behaviors and child characteristics as predictors of change. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1691–1704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, S. A., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland adaptive behavior scales, 2nd edition. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. S., Davis, R., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Knowland, V. C., & Charman, T. (2015). The over-pruning hypothesis of autism. Developmental Science. doi:10.1111/desc.12303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner-Brown, L. M., Baranek, G. T., Reznick, J. S., Watson, L. R., & Crais, E. R. (2013). The first year inventory: A longitudinal follow-up of 12-month-old to 3-year-old children. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 17, 527–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ventola, P., Friedman, H. E., Anderson, L. C., Wolf, J. M., Oosting, D., Foss-Feig, J., … Pelphrey, K. A. (2014). Improvements in social and adaptive functioning following short-duration PRT program: a clinical replication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2862–2870.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ventola, P. E., Yang, D., Abdullahi, S. M., Paisley, C. A., Braconnier, M. L., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (2016). Brief report: Reduced restricted and repetitive behaviors after pivotal response treatment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(8), 2813–2820.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vernon-Feagans, L., Willoughby, M., & Garrett-Peters, P. (2016). Predictors of behavioral regulation in kindergarten: Household chaos, parenting, and early executive functions. Developmental Psychology, 52(3), 430–441.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, K. S., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Intervening in infancy: Implications for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1300–1320.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A., Guthrie, W., Woods, J., Schatschneider, C., Holland, R. D., Morgan, L., & Lord, C. (2014). Parent-implemented social intervention for toddlers with autism: An RCT. Pediatrics, 134, 1084–1093.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A., & Prizant, B. (2002). Communication and symbolic behavior scales developmental profile: 1st normed edition. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A. M., Watt, N., Morgan, L., & Shumway, S. (2007). Social communication profiles of children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 960–975.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woynaroski, T., Yoder, P. J., Fey, M. E., & Warren, S. F. (2014). A transactional model of spoken vocabulary variation in toddlers with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57, 1754–1763.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, P., Watson, L. R., & Lambert, W. (2015). Value-added predictors of expressive and receptive language growth in initially nonverbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 1254–1270.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, P. J., & Warren, S. F. (2001). Intentional communication elicits language-facilitating maternal responses in dyads with children who have developmental disabilities. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 106, 327–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 143–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The research reported here was supported by a grant from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education (Grant # R324A100305) to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education. We gratefully acknowledge the invaluable contributions of our project staff and of the families who participated in this study. We miss the creativity, insightfulness, collegiality, and friendship of Dr. J. Steven Reznick, who was such an inspiring collaborator in this research. Portions of the research reported in this manuscript have been presented previously at the 2015 International Meeting for Autism Research (Salt Lake City, UT), the 2015 Institute of Education Sciences Principal Investigators Meeting (Washington, DC), and the 2016 Conference on Research Innovations in Early Intervention (San Diego, CA).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Katrina L. Martin

    Present address: SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA

  2. J. Steven Reznick is now deceased.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Linda R. Watson, Elizabeth R. Crais, Grace T. Baranek, Lauren Turner-Brown, John Sideris, Linn Wakeford, Jessica Kinard, J. Steven Reznick, Katrina L. Martin & Sallie W. Nowell

  2. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Grace T. Baranek & John Sideris

Authors
  1. Linda R. Watson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elizabeth R. Crais
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Grace T. Baranek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lauren Turner-Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John Sideris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Linn Wakeford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jessica Kinard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. J. Steven Reznick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Katrina L. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Sallie W. Nowell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

LRW served as principal investigator for the study, participating in study conceptualization, design and coordination; data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation; and drafting the manuscript. ERC served as co-principal investigator, with contributions to study conceptualization, design and coordination; assessor training, data acquisition and interpretation; and drafting the manuscript. GTB participated in study conceptualization and design; assessor training and data interpretation; and drafting the manuscript. LTB participated in study conceptualization and design; assessor training, coordination, and supervision; data acquisition and interpretation; and drafting the manuscript. JS participated in the design of the study, performed statistical analyses, and contributed to drafting the manuscript. LW participated in interventionist training, coordination, and supervision; served as an interventionist; and participated in data acquisition and interpretation. JK coordinated data acquisition for parent interaction variables and contributed to data interpretation and drafting the manuscript. JSR contributed to the conceptualization and design of the study, recruitment of the sample, and data interpretation. KLM participated in data acquisition and interpretation. SWN contributed to project coordination, data interpretation, and drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linda R. Watson.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Some of the authors of this paper have intellectual property rights related to several of the instruments used in the study. Baranek, Watson, Crais, and Reznick (now deceased) are co-authors of the First Year Inventory. Baranek is the author of the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire and the Sensory Processing Assessment. Reznick is a co-author of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. The authors declare they have no financial conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 179 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Watson, L.R., Crais, E.R., Baranek, G.T. et al. Parent-Mediated Intervention for One-Year-Olds Screened as At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 47, 3520–3540 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3268-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3268-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation