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Attention Bias to Emotional Faces Varies by IQ and Anxiety in Williams Syndrome

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Abstract

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) often experience significant anxiety. A promising approach to anxiety intervention has emerged from cognitive studies of attention bias to threat. To investigate the utility of this intervention in WS, this study examined attention bias to happy and angry faces in individuals with WS (N = 46). Results showed a significant difference in attention bias patterns as a function of IQ and anxiety. Individuals with higher IQ or higher anxiety showed a significant bias toward angry, but not happy faces, whereas individuals with lower IQ or lower anxiety showed the opposite pattern. These results suggest that attention bias interventions to modify a threat bias may be most effectively targeted to anxious individuals with WS with relatively high IQ.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the participants who volunteered their time at the biennial Williams Syndrome Association conference and the Williams Syndrome Association for facilitating research opportunities at the conference. We also extend our thanks to the other research groups at the conference for working collaboratively to advance our collective research goals.

Author Contributions

LMM, HFD, JW, BRP, and JWS designed the study. LMM wrote the initial draft of the paper and revised the manuscript with input from co-authors to address the reviewers’ comments. JMO, YGD, HFD, CJM, BRP, and JWS assisted with manuscript development. LMM, JMO, YGD, and HFD analyzed and interpreted the data and integrated feedback from co-authors. LMM, HFD, JW, CCC, SW, AH, EA, RM, JM, CJM, and BRP participated in selecting and designing study measures and tasks and designing data management systems. LMM, JW, CCC, SW, AH, EA, RM, JM, CJM, and BRP participated in recruiting and testing participants. All authors read and approved the manuscript and participated in revising it critically for important intellectual content.

Funding

This work was supported by an American University Faculty Research Support Grant (L.M.M.), NIH grant T32-MH16259 (L.M.M.), NIH Grant K24-MH094614 (J.W.S), the Tepper Family MGH Scholars award (J.W.S), and the Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation (C.J.M).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Education, American University, Gray Hall, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20016-8030, USA

    Lauren M. McGrath

  2. Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA

    Joyce M. Oates

  3. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Yael G. Dai, Sydney Weill, Alison Hoffnagle, Erin Anderson & Jordan W. Smoller

  4. School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK

    Helen F. Dodd

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jessica Waxler, Jennifer Mullett, Christopher J. McDougle & Barbara R. Pober

  6. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Caitlin C. Clements

  7. Center for Autism Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Caitlin C. Clements

  8. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Rebecca MacRae

  9. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jennifer Mullett, Christopher J. McDougle & Jordan W. Smoller

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  1. Lauren M. McGrath
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Correspondence to Lauren M. McGrath.

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McGrath, L.M., Oates, J.M., Dai, Y.G. et al. Attention Bias to Emotional Faces Varies by IQ and Anxiety in Williams Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 46, 2174–2185 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2748-y

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