Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ultra-Rapid Categorization of Meaningful Real-Life Scenes in Adults With and Without ASD

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In comparison to typically developing (TD) individuals, people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) appear to be worse in the fast extraction of the global meaning of a situation or picture. Ultra-rapid categorization [paradigm developed by Thorpe et al. (Nature 381:520–522, 1996)] involves such global information processing. We therefore tested a group of adults with and without ASD, without intellectual disability, on a set of ultra-rapid categorization tasks. Individuals with ASD performed equally well as TD individuals except when the task required the categorization of social interactions. These results argue against a general deficit in ultra-rapid gist perception in people with ASD, while suggesting a more specific problem with the fast processing of information about social relations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahissar, M., & Hochstein, S. (2004). The reverse hierarchy theory of visual perceptual learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 457–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aitkin, M. (1999). A general maximum likelihood analysis of variance components in generalized linear models. Biometrics, 55, 117–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In B. N. Petrov & F. Csáki (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on information theory (pp. 267–281). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 267–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR (5th ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric.

  • Auyeung, B., Wheelwright, S., Allison, C., Atkinson, M., Samarawickrema, N., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). The children’s empathy quotient and systemizing quotient: Sex differences in typical development and in autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1509–1521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bacon-Macé, N., Macé, M. J.-M., Fabre-Thorpe, M., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). The time course of visual processing: Backward masking and natural scene categorisation. Vision Research, 45, 1459–1469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S. (2001). Theory of mind and autism: A review. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 23, 169–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, D. (2005). Fitting linear models in R. R News, 5, 27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batty, M., & Taylor, M. J. (2001). Visual categorization during childhood: An ERP study. Psychophysiology, 39, 482–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begeer, S., Malle, B. F., Nieuwland, M. S., & Keysar, B. (2010). Using theory of mind to represent and take part in social interactions: Comparing individuals with high-functioning autism and typically developing controls. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 104–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behrmann, M., Thomas, C., & Humphreys, K. (2006). Seeing it differently: Visual processing in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 258–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Frith, U., Smith, N., Abell, F., & Cipolotti, L. (2002). Fractionation of visual memory: Agency detection and its impairment in autism. Neuropsychologia, 40, 108–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowler, D. M. (1992). “Theory of mind” in Asperger’s Syndrome. Journal of Child Pyschology and Psychiatry, 33, 877–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, H. G., Panis, S., Wagemans, J., & Jellema, T. (2014). Impaired identification of impoverished animate but not inanimate objects in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 1, 1–9. doi:10.1002/aur.1412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, S. M., Koenig, M. A., & Harms, A. B. (2013). Theory of mind. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4, 391–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaminade, T., Fonseca, D. D., Rosset, D., Cheng, G., & Deruelle, C. (2015). Atypical modulation of hypothalamic activity by social context in ASD. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 41–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Church, B., Krauss, M. S., Lopata, C., Toomey, J. A., Thomeer, M. L., et al. (2010). Atypical categorization in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 864–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouzet, S. M., Joubert, O. R., Thorpe, S. J., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2012). Animal detection precedes access to scene category. PLoS One, 7, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouzet, S. M., Kirchner, H., & Thorpe, S. J. (2010). Fast saccades toward faces: Face detection in just 100 ms. Journal of Vision, 10, 1–17. doi:10.1167/10.4.16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, S. O., & Trillingsgaard, A. (1996). Theory of mind in nonretarded children with autism and Asperger’s syndrome. A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 759–763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dakin, S., & Frith, U. (2005). Vagaries of visual perception in autism. Neuron, 48, 497–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edgin, J. O., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Spatial cognition in autism spectrum disorders: Superior, impaired or just intact? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 729–745.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. J., Perlman, A., & Reed, P. (2012). Unsupervised categorization in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 1264–1269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evers, K., Panis, S., Torfs, K., Steyaert, J., Noens, I., & Wagemans, J. (2014). Disturbed interplay between mid-and high-level vision in ASD? Evidence from a contour identification task with everyday objects. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 801–815.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falck-Ytter, T., & von Hofsten, C. (2011). How special is social looking in ASD: A review. Progress in Brain Research, 189, 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher-Watson, S., Leekam, S. R., Benson, V., Frank, M. C., & Findlay, J. M. (2009). Eye-movements reveal attention to social information in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia, 47, 248–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond “theory of mind”. Cognition, 50, 115–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froehlich, A. L., Anderson, J. S., Bigler, E. D., Miller, J. S., Lange, N. T., DuBray, M. B., et al. (2012). Intact prototype formation but impaired generalization in autism. Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 921–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gastgeb, H. Z., & Strauss, M. S. (2012). Categorization in ASD: The role of typicality and development. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 19, 66–74. doi:10.1044/lle19.2.66.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., Hill, J. J., & Golan, Y. (2006). The “reading the mind in films” task: Complex emotion recognition in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions. Social Neuroscience, 1, 111–123. doi:10.1080/17470910600980986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guillon, Q., Hadjikhani, N., Baduel, S., & Rogé, B. (2014). Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from eye tracking studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 42, 279–297. doi:10.3758/BF03193726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F., & Booth, R. (2008). The power of the positive: Revisiting weak coherence in autism spectrum disorders. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 50–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heavey, L., Phillips, W., Baron-Cohen, S., & Rutter, M. (2000). The awkward moments test: A naturalistic measure of social understanding in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 225–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hochstein, S., & Ahissar, M. (2002). View from the top: Hierarchies and reverse hierarchies in the visual system. Neuron, 36, 791–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, K., Minshew, N., Leonard, G. L., & Behrmann, M. (2007). A fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in high-functioning adults with autism. Neuropsychologia, 45, 685–695. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00163-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (2006). Clocking the mind: Mental chronometry and individual differences. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, O. R., Rousselet, G. A., Fabre-Thorpe, M., & Fize, D. (2009). Rapid visual categorization of natural scene contexts with equalized amplitude spectrum and increasing phase noise. Journal of Vision, 9, 1–16. doi:10.1167/9.1.2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, O. R., Rousselet, G. A., Fize, D., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2007). Processing scene context: Fast categorization and object interference. Vision Research, 47, 3286–3297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadar, I., & Ben-Shahar, O. (2012). A perceptual paradigm and psychophysical evidence for hierarchy in scene gist processing. Journal of Vision, 12, 1–17. doi:10.1167/12.13.16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koldewyn, K., Jiang, Y. V., Weigelt, S., & Kanwisher, N. (2013). Global/local processing in autism: Not a disability, but a disinclination. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2329–2340.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loschky, L. C., & Larson, A. M. (2008). Localized information is necessary for scene categorization, including the natural/man-made distinction. Journal of Vision, 8, 1–9. doi:10.1167/8.1.4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loth, E., Gomez, J. C., & Happé, F. (2010). When seeing depends on knowing: Aduts with autism spectrum conditions show diminished top-down processes in the visual perception of degraded faces but not degraded objects. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1227–1236. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macé, M. J.-M., Joubert, O. R., Nespoulous, J.-L., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2009). The time course of visual categorizations: You spot the animal faster than the bird. PLoS One, 4, 1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, M. L., & Palmeri, T. J. (2010). Modeling categorization of scenes containing consistent versus inconsistent objects. Journal of Vision, 10, 1–11. doi:10.1167/10.3.11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackinlay, R., Charman, T., & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2006). High functioning children with autism spectrum disorder: A novel test of multitasking. Brain and Cognition, 61, 14–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McArdle, B. H. (1987). The significance of differences between means. A simulation study. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 87A, 979–982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullagh, P. (1984). Generalized linear models. European Journal of Operational Research, 6, 285–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, E., & Szczerbinski, M. (2009). Global and local perceptual style, field-independence, and central coherence: An attempt at concept validation. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 5, 1–26. doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0062-8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mottron, L., & Burack, J. (2006). Autism: A different perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. (2006). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noens, I., De la Marche, W., & Scholte, E. (2012). SRS-A—Screeningslijst voor autismespectrumstoornissen Handleiding. Amsterdam: Hogrefe Uitgevers B.V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peirce, J. W. (2008). Generating stimuli for neuroscience using PsychoPy. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 2, 1–8. doi:10.3389/neuro.11.010.2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plaisted, K. C. (2001). Reduced generalization in autism: An alternative to weak central coherence. In J. A. Burack, T. Charman, N. Yirmiya, & P. R. Zelazo (Eds.), The development of autism: Perspectives from theories and research (pp. 149–169). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaisted, K. C., O’Riordan, M. A., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1998). Enhanced discrimination of novel highly similar stimuli by adults with autism during a perceptual learning task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 765–775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poncet, M., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2014). Stimulus duration and diversity do not reverse the advantage for superordinate-level representations: The animal is seen before the bird. European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 1508–1516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Praß, M., Grimsen, C., König, M., & Fahle, M. (2014). Ultra rapid object categorization: Effects of level, animacy and context. PLoS One, 8, 1–10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068051.

    Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. ISBN: 3-900051-07-0.

  • Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousselet, G., Joubert, O., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2005). How long to get to the ‘gist’ of real world natural scenes? Visual Cognition, 12, 852–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sacrey, L.-A. R., Germani, T., Bryson, S. E., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2014). Reaching and grasping in autism spectrum disorder: A review of recent literature. Frontiers in Neurology, 5, 1–12. doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sattler, J. M. (2001). Assessment of children: Cognitive applications (4th ed.). San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D., Lam, R., Bayliss, A. P., & Dux, P. E. (2012). Cognitive load disrupts implicit theory-of-mind processing. Psychological Science, 23, 842–847. doi:10.1177/0956797612439070.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., Bayliss, A. P., & Dux, P. E. (2013). A temporally sustained implicit theory of mind deficit in autism spectrum disorders. Cognition, 129, 410–417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholte, E., & Noens, I. (2011). BRIEF-A. Vragenlijst over executieve functies bij volwassenen. Amsterdam: Hogrefe Uitgevers B.V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schyns, P. G., & Oliva, A. (1994). From blobs to boundary edges: Evidence for time- and spatial-scale-dependent scene recognition. Psychological Science, 5, 195–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Abbeduto, L., & Greenberg, J. S. (2004). Trajectory of development in adolescents and adults with autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10, 234–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senju, A., Southgate, V., Miura, Y., Matsui, T., Hasegawa, T., Tojo, Y., et al. (2010). Absence of spontaneous action anticipation by false belief attribution in children with autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 353–360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, D. R., Robertson, A. E., McKay, L. S., Toal, E., McAleer, P., & Pollick, F. E. (2009). Vision in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 49, 2705–2739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M., Ozonoff, S. J., Ursu, S., Ravizza, S., Cummings, N., Ly, S., et al. (2009). The neural substrates of cognitive control deficits in autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2515–2526.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • South, M., Ozonoff, S., & McMahon, W. M. (2007). The relationship between executive functioning, central coherence, and repetitive behaviors in the high-functioning autism spectrum. Autism, 11, 437–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spek, A. A., Scholte, E. M., & Van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2011). Local information processing in adults with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome: The usefulness of neuropsychological tests and self-reports. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 859–869.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, S., Fize, D., & Marlot, C. (1996). Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature, 381, 520–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, L. K., Stamatakis, E., Bright, P., Acres, K., Abdallah, S., Rodd, J. M., et al. (2004). Processing objects at different levels of specificity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 351–362.

  • Uljarevic, M., & Hamilton, A. (2013). Recognition of emotions in autism: A formal meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 1517–1526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Hallen, R., Evers, K., Brewaeys, K., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Wagemans, J. (2015). Global processing takes time: A meta-analysis on local-global visual processing in ASD. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 549–573. doi:10.1037/bul0000004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ravenzwaaij, D., Brown, S., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2011). An integrated perspective on the relation between response speed and intelligence. Cognition, 119, 381–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanmarcke, S., & Wagemans, J. (2015). Rapid gist perception of meaningful real-life scenes: Exploring individual and gender differences in multiple categorization tasks. i-Perception, 6, 17–38. doi:10.1068/i0682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanRullen, R. (2011). Four common conceptual fallacies in mapping the time course of recognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1–6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00365.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanRullen, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2001). Is it a bird? Is it a plane? Ultra-rapid visual categorisation of natural and artifactual objects. Perception, 30, 655–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2009). Methodological and empirical developments for the Ratcliff diffusion model of response times and accuracy. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 114, 830–841.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wald, A. (1943). Tests of statistical hypotheses concerning several parameters when the number of observations is large. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 54, 426–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, G. L., Case, L. K., Harms, M. B., Silvers, J. A., Kenworthy, L., & Martin, A. (2011). Diminished sensitivity to sad facial expressions in high functioning autism spectrum disorders is associated with symptomatology and adaptive functioning. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1475–1486. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1170-0.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler adult intelligence scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelwright, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Goldenfeld, N., Delaney, J., Fine, D., Smith, R., et al. (2006). Predicting autism spectrum quotient (AQ) from the systemizing quotient-revised (SQ-R) and empathy quotient (EQ). Brain Research, 1079, 47–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wichmann, F. A., Braun, D. I., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2006). Phase noise and the classification of natural images. Vision Research, 46, 1520–1529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wichmann, F. A., Drewes, J., Rosas, P., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2010). Animal detection in natural scenes: Critical features revisited. Journal of Vision, 10, 1–27. doi:10.1167/10.4.6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zilbovicius, M., Meresse, I., Chabane, N., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., & Boddaert, N. (2006). Autism, the superior temporal sulcus and social perception. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 359–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) to Steven Vanmarcke and long-term structural funding by the Flemish Government (METH/08/02) to Johan Wagemans. The authors would like to thank Nadège Macé, Michelle Fabre-Thorpe and Simon Thorpe for providing us with their stimulus material used in previous papers (e.g., Macé et al. 2009). A substantial subset of these images was used in the animal/vehicle task. We also thank Maarten Demeyer and Bart Machilsen for their help with programming in PsychoPy, Thomas Schouteden for his assistance with data collection and all participants for their time and contribution to this research.

Author Contributions

Author contribution SV conceived of the study, participated in its design, coordination, measurement and analysis. He also drafted the manuscript; RVDH, KE and JW participated in the design and interpretation of the data; KE participated in the design and interpretation of the data; IN participated in the design and interpretation of the data; JS participated in the design and interpretation of the data; JW participated in the design, analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000, Louvain, Belgium

    Steven Vanmarcke, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Kris Evers & Johan Wagemans

  2. Department of Child Psychiatry, UPC-KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium

    Ruth Van Der Hallen, Kris Evers & Jean Steyaert

  3. Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium

    Steven Vanmarcke, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Kris Evers, Ilse Noens, Jean Steyaert & Johan Wagemans

  4. Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium

    Ilse Noens

  5. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Ilse Noens

Authors
  1. Steven Vanmarcke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ruth Van Der Hallen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kris Evers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ilse Noens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jean Steyaert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Johan Wagemans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steven Vanmarcke.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vanmarcke, S., Van Der Hallen, R., Evers, K. et al. Ultra-Rapid Categorization of Meaningful Real-Life Scenes in Adults With and Without ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 46, 450–466 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2583-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2583-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation