Skip to main content
Log in

Challenges in Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions for Autistic Spectrum Disorders

  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

In 2002, the National Institutes of Health sponsored a meeting concerning methodological challenges of research in psychosocial interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorders. This paper provides a summary of the presentations and the discussions that occurred during this meeting. Recommendations to federal and private agencies included the need for randomized clinical trials of comprehensive interventions for autism as the highest, but not the sole priority. Ongoing working groups were proposed to address psychosocial interventions with a focus on relevant statistics, standardized documentation and methods of diagnosis, development of outcome measures, establishment of standards in research; and the need for innovative treatment designs, including application of designs from other research areas to the study of interventions in ASD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aman M. G., (1996). Stimulant drugs in the developmental disabilities revisited Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 8(4): 347–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aman M. G., Novotny S., Samango-Sprouse C., Lecavalier L., Leonard E., Gadow K. D., King B. H., Pearson D. A., Gernsbacher M. A., Chez M., (2004). Outcome measures for clinical drug trials in autism CNS Spectrums 9(1): 36–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson S. R., et al. (1987). Intensive home-based early intervention with autistic children Education & Treatment of Children: Special Issue: New developments in the treatment of persons exhibiting autism and severe behavior disorders 10(4): 352–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold L. E., Aman M. G., Martin A., Collier-Crespin A., Vitiello B., Tierney E., et al. (2000). Assessment in multisite randomized clinical trials of patients with autistic disorder: The Autism RUPP Network Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30(2): 99–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold L. E., Vitiello B., McDougle C., Scahill L., Shah B., Gonzalez N. M., et al. (2003). Parent-defined target symptoms respond to risperidone in RUPP autism study: Customer approach to clinical trials Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42(12): 1443–1450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartak L., Rutter M., (1973). Special educational treatment of autistic children: A comparative study: I. Design of study and characteristics of units Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 14: 161–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley N., (1993). Bayley scales of infant development (2nd ed.). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnbrauer J. S., (1997). Empirically validated learning environments Behaviour Change 14(1): 21–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Bondy A. S., Frost L. A., (1994). The picture exchange communication system Focus on Autistic Behavior 9(3): 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Autism Intervention Research Network. (2001). Developing a Canadian research agenda in early intervention of autism. Report of a workshop held in Toronto, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Charman T., Howlin P., (2003). Research into early intervention for children with autism and related disorders: Methodological and design issues – Report on a workshop funded by the Wellcome Trust, Institute of Child Health, London, UK, November 2001 Autism 7(2): 217–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Columbia Pacific Consulting. (1999). Preliminary Report: Cost-benefit analysis of Lovaas Treatment for autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Prepared for: Harper Grey Easton Barrister and Solicitors

  • Dawson G., Osterling J., (1997). Early intervention in autism In Guralnick M. J., (Ed.), The effectiveness of early intervention Baltimore, MD: Brookes pp. 307–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew A., Baird G., Baron-Cohen S., Cox A., Slonims V., Wheelwright S., et al. (2002). A pilot randomised control trial of a parent training intervention for pre-school children with autism – Preliminary findings and methodological challenges European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 11(6): 266–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunst C. J., (1999). Placing parent education in conceptual and empirical context Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 19(3): 141–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durand V. M., Carr E. G., (1987). Social influences on “self-stimulatory” behavior: Analysis and treatment application Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 20(2): 119–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eikeseth S., Smith T., Jahr E., Eldevik S., (2002). Intensive behavioral treatment at school for 4- to 7-year-old children with autism. A 1-year comparison controlled study Behavior Modification 26(1): 49–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenska E. C., Krantz P. J., McClannahan L. E., (1985). Age of intervention and treatment outcome for autistic children in a comprehensive intervention program Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities 5: 49–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein H., (2002). Communication intervention for children with autism: a review of treatment efficacy Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32(5): 373–396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green D., Baird G., Barnett A. L., Henderson L., Huber J., Henderson S. E., (2002). The severity and nature of motor impairment in Asperger’s syndrome: a comparison with Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 43(5): 655–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris S. L., Handleman J. S., Gordon R., Kristoff B., et al. (1991). Changes in cognitive and language functioning of preschool children with autism Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 21(3): 281–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horner R. H., Carr E. G., Strain P. S., Todd A. W., Reed H. K., (2002). Problem behavior interventions for young children with autism: A research synthesis Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32(5): 423–446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howlin P., (1998). Practitioner review: Psychological and educational treatments for autism Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines 39(3): 307–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howlin P., Mawhood L., Rutter M., (2000). Autism and developmental receptive language disorder – a follow-up comparison in early adult life. II: Social, behavioural, and psychiatric outcomes Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 41(5): 561–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson J. W., Mulick J. A., Green G., (1998). Cost-benefit estimates for early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism-general model and single state case Behavioral Interventions 13: 201–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jocelyn L. J., Casiro O. G., Beattie D., Bow J., Kneisz J., (1998). Treatment of children with autism: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate a caregiver-based intervention program in community day-care centers Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 19(5): 326–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasari C., (2002). Assessing change in early intervention programs for children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32(5): 447–461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasari, C. (in preparation). Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: A randomized controlled intervention study

  • Klin A., Volkmar F. R., Sparrow S. S., (1992). Autistic social dysfunction: Some limitations of the theory of mind hypothesis Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines 33(5): 861–876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel L. K., Koegel R. L., Smith A., (1997). Variables related to differences in standardized test outcomes for children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 27(3): 233–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel R. L., Koegel L. K., McNerney E. K., (2001). Pivotal areas in intervention for autism Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Special Issue 30(1): 19–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lord C., Bailey A., (2002). Autism spectrum disorders. In Rutter M., Taylor E., (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Fourth edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publications

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord C., McGee J. P., (2001). Educating children with autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord C., Rutter M., DiLavore P., Risi S., (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovaas O. I., (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 55(1): 3–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell S. R., (2002). Interventions to facilitate social interaction for young children with autism: review of available research and recommendations for educational intervention and future research Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32(5): 351–372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEachin J. J., Smith T., Lovaas O. I., (1993). Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment American Journal on Mental Retardation 97(4): 359–372

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod B. D., Weisz J. R., (2004). Using dissertations to examine potential bias in child and adolescent clinical trials Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72(2): 235–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council Health Services and Public Health Research Board. (2000). A framework for development and evaluation of RCTs for complex interventions to improve health. Unpublished manuscript, London, MRC

  • Mervis C. B., Robinson B. F., (1999). Methodological issues in cross-syndrome comparisons: Matching procedures, sensitivity and specificity Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 64(1): 115–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (2001). Educating Children with Autism. Lord, C., & McGee, J.P., Washington DC: National Academy Press

  • Owley T., McMahon W., Cook E. H., Laulhere T., South M., Mays L. Z., et al (2001). Multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine secretin in autism Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 40(11): 1293–1299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozonoff S., Cathcart K., (1998). Effectiveness of a home program intervention for young children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28(1): 25–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network (2002). Rioperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems New England Journal of Medicine, 347: 314–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers S. J., (1999). Intervention for young children with autism: From research to practice Infants and Young Children 12(2): 1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers S. J., (1998) Neuropsychology of autism in young children and its implications for early intervention Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews: Special Issue: Autism 4(2): 104–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers S. J., Hall T., Osaki D., Reaven J., Herbison J., (2001). The Denver model: A comprehensive, integrated educational approach to young children with autism and their families. In Handelman J. S., Harris S. L., (Eds.), Preschool education programs for children with autism (2nd ed.,) Austin: pro-ed pp. 95–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers S. J., Lewis H. C., Reis K., (1987). An effective procedure for training early special education teams to implement a model program Journal of the Division for Early Childhood 11: 180–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Scahill L., & Lord C. (2004). Subject selection in clinical trials in children with autism. CNS Spectrums, 9(1)

  • Schopler E., Mesibov G., Shigley R., Bashford A., (1984). Helping autistic children through their parents: The TEACCH model. In Reynolds C. R., Gutkin T. R., (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology. New York: Wiley pp. 629–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopler E., Reichler R. J., DeVellis R. F., Daly K., (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood autism rating scale (CARS) Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 10(1): 91–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler E., Reichler R. J., Renner B. R., (1988). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS) Los Angeles Western Psychological Services

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuler A. L., Prizant B. M., Wetherby A. M., (1997). Enhancing language and communication development: Prelinguistic approaches. In Volkmar F. R., Cohen D. J., (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

    Google Scholar 

  • Shatz M., Ebeling K., (1991). Patterns of language learning-related behaviours: evidence for self-help in acquiring grammar Journal of Child Language 18(2): 295–313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheinkopf S. J., Siegel B., (1998). Home based behavioral treatment of young children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28(1): 15–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigman M., Ruskin E., Arbeile S., Corona R., Dissanayake C., Espinosa M., Kim N., Lopez A., Zierhut C., (1999). Continuity and change in the social competence of children with autism, Down syndrome, and developmental delays Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 64(1): 1–114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith T., Groen A. D., Wynn J. W., (2000a). Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder American Journal on Mental Retardation 105(4): 269–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith T., Groen A. D., Wynn J. W., (2000b). Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder (vol 105, p. 269, 2000) American Journal on Mental Retardation 105(6): 508–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stutsman R., (1931). Guide for administering the Merrill–Palmer scale of mental tests, mental measurement of preschool children In: Terman L. M., (ed)., New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World pp. 139–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bourgondien M. E., Reichle N. C., Campbell D. G., Mesibov G. B.,. (1998). The environmental rating scale (ERS): A measure of the quality of the residential environment for adults with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 19(5): 381–394

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venter A., Lord C., Schopler E., (1992). A follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 33(3): 489–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A. M., Schuler, A. L., & Prizant, B. M. (1997). Enhancing language and communication: Theoretical foundations. In D. Cohen, & F. Volkmar, (Eds.), Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (vol. 2, pp. 513–538). New York: Wiley

  • Wieder S., Greenspan S. I., (2003). Climbing the symbolic ladder in the DIR model through floor time/interactive play Autism 7(4): 425–435

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yirmiya N., Sigman M., (1991). High functioning individuals with autism – diagnosis, empirical-findings, and theoretical issues Clinical Psychology Review 11(6): 669–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The meeting during which this manuscript was initiated was sponsored by National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the NIH Office of Rare Diseases.

The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institutes of Health, or any other part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catherine Lord.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lord, C., Wagner, A., Rogers, S. et al. Challenges in Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions for Autistic Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 35, 695–708 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0017-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0017-6

Keywords

Navigation