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Incremental and Predictive Validity of the Antisocial Process Screening Device in a Community Sample of Male and Female Ethnic Minority and Caucasian Youth

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Abstract

The Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) is a well-supported tool for assessing psychopathic features in youth. However, most research with the APSD has been derived from clinical and forensic samples comprised mainly of male Caucasian and African American adolescents. In this prospective study, the incremental and predictive validity of the self-report APSD for violent and non-violent offending was examined in an ethnically diverse community sample of male and female youth (N = 335) aged 12 to 14. High-school students from a moderate sized city in Western Canada completed the self-report APSD and then completed the Self-Report of Offending 6 months later. Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis indicated that APSD total and subscale scores were predictive of violent and non-violent offending at 6-month follow-up with moderate to large effect sizes. In addition, total scores on the APSD added incremental predictive utility above and beyond traditional criminogenic predictors of youth offending (i.e., prior offending, delinquent peer affiliation, poor school achievement, substance use, low parental monitoring). Although sex differences emerged in the predictive utility of the Impulsivity subscale of the APSD vis-à-vis violent offending, sex did not moderate the relationship between APSD total, Narcissism, or Callous/Unemotional scores and offending. In addition, the predictive utility of the APSD did not vary as a function of the youth’s ethnic background. These findings suggest that: (1) the self-report APSD may have utility for risk or threat assessment with normative school populations, (2) APSD findings from higher risk samples generalize to a lower risk sample of high-school youth, and (3) predictive utility of APSD total scores do not differ across male and female Caucasian and ethnic minority youth.

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Notes

  1. Several analyses were conducted to determine whether there were any differences between youth with complete information and youth with missing follow-up, APSD, ethnicity, or school failure variables with respect to demographic characteristics or the major study variables under investigation. Compared to youth with complete information, youth with missing follow-up data were significantly older, t (78.61) = 4.12, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.61, youth with missing ethnicity information had higher rates of school failure, χ2 (1) = 8.44, p = 0.004, φ = 0.15, and self-reported violent offending at the 6-month follow-up, U = 7505, p = 0.01, r = 0.14, and youth with missing school failure information had lower rates of delinquent peer affiliation, t (83.17) = −1.37, p = 0.002, Cohen’s d = 0.65. No other differences were significant.

  2. Although Caucasian youth are technically an ethnic minority group in the current sample, in this paper the term ethnic minority was used to refer to any youth that were non-Caucasian.

  3. The most frequently reported violent offense was having been in a fight (17.7 %, n = 59). Given that participating in a fight may not necessarily be an offence (especially when fighting is in self-defense), one concern was that the inclusion of this SRO item may have inflated the rate of violent offending in the sample. Analyses were run with and without this item. Bivariate and predictive validity analyses did not significantly change as a function of this item. However, incremental validity analyses revealed that the incremental effects of psychopathic features disappeared.

  4. To represent ethnicity, three dummy variables were created using South Asian as the reference category: Asian (1 = yes, 0 = no); Caucasian (1 = yes, 0 = no); and ‘Other’ ethnic minority (1 = yes, 0 = no).

  5. A priori power analyses using G*Power 3.1 (Faul et al. 2009) indicated that a sample size of 335 was sufficient to detect small to large main and incremental effects in Poisson/Negative binomial regression models with 11 predictors with a power of 0.80, and an alpha of 0.05, two-tailed.

  6. Given the potential for criterion contamination between the baseline measure of substance use and the substance abuse item on the SRO (e.g., did you drive while drunk or high?), regression analyses were run with and without this item. Analyses did not significantly change as a function of this item.

  7. We also analyzed the relationship between APSD scores and the occurrence of the combination of violent or non-violent offense (i.e., “any offense”) at the 6-month follow-up using bivariate, multivariate regression, and ROC analyses. The results of these analyses were highly similar to both violent and non-violent offending. These results are available from the lead author upon request.

  8. A priori power analyses in STATA (StataCorp 2011) indicated that the minimum detectable incident rate ratio for the cross-product terms in the violent and non-violent offending models after controlling for first ordered effects were 1.60 and 2.21, respectively.

  9. To test the moderating effects of ethnicity each of the dummy categories created in the previous analysis and APSD score were entered in step 1, followed by cross-product terms between each dummy category and APSD score in step 2.

  10. Several interactions trended towards significance for violent offending: Other Ethnic Group × APSD Total, Exp (B) = 1.16, 95 % CI [1.00, 1.35], p = 0.05, and Other Ethnic Group × CU, Exp (B) = 1.55, 95 % CI [0.92, 2.59], p = 0.097. For non-violent, Asian × IMP trended towards significance, Exp (B) = 0.53, 95 % CI [0.27, 1.07], p = 0.077.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by an operating grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada-Community University Research Alliance (SSHRC-CURA). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the agency that funded the research. We thank the three anonymous reviewers whose comments helped improve and clarify this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada

    Catherine Shaffer, Dylan Gatner, Andrew L. Gray, Kevin S. Douglas & Jodi L. Viljoen

  2. Applied Criminology, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 851 70, Sundsvall, SE, Sweden

    Kevin S. Douglas

  3. Kwantlen Polytechnic University, 12666 72 Avenue, Surrey, British Columbia, V3M 2M8, USA

    Roger Tweed, Gira Bhatt, Stephen Dooley & Nathalie Gagnon

Authors
  1. Catherine Shaffer
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  2. Dylan Gatner
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  3. Andrew L. Gray
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  4. Kevin S. Douglas
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  5. Jodi L. Viljoen
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  6. Roger Tweed
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  7. Gira Bhatt
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  8. Stephen Dooley
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  9. Nathalie Gagnon
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catherine Shaffer.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval to conduct this study was granted by the Research Ethics Boards of the pertinent universities and school authorities.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Shaffer, C., Gatner, D., Gray, A.L. et al. Incremental and Predictive Validity of the Antisocial Process Screening Device in a Community Sample of Male and Female Ethnic Minority and Caucasian Youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44, 1599–1612 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0130-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0130-3

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