Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Differentiating Adolescent Self-Injury from Adolescent Depression: Possible Implications for Borderline Personality Development

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Self-inflicted injury (SII) in adolescence marks heightened risk for suicide attempts, completed suicide, and adult psychopathology. Although several studies have revealed elevated rates of depression among adolescents who self injure, no one has compared adolescent self injury with adolescent depression on biological, self-, and informant-report markers of vulnerability and risk. Such a comparison may have important implications for treatment, prevention, and developmental models of self injury and borderline personality disorder. We used a multi-method, multi-informant approach to examine how adolescent SII differs from adolescent depression. Self-injuring, depressed, and typical adolescent females (n = 25 per group) and their mothers completed measures of psychopathology and emotion regulation, among others. In addition, we assessed electrodermal responding (EDR), a peripheral biomarker of trait impulsivity. Participants in the SII group (a) scored higher than depressed adolescents on measures of both externalizing psychopathology and emotion dysregulation, and (b) exhibited attenuated EDR, similar to patterns observed among impulsive, externalizing males. Self-injuring adolescents also scored higher on measures of borderline pathology. These findings reveal a coherent pattern of differences between self-injuring and depressed adolescent girls, consistent with theories that SII differs from depression in etiology and developmental course.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Although this study is cross sectional and does not provide for direct inferences about borderline personality development, self-inflicted injury (SII) is a fruitful criterion to examine as a potential precursor to BPD (Crowell et al. 2009). As stated previously, most who self-injure are both impulsive and dysregulated emotionally—core features of BPD (e.g., Trull et al. 2003; Zlotnick et al. 1997). Self-injury also emerges in adolescence, often before other BPD criteria (Kessler et al. 1999; Yen et al. 2004). Moreover, although SII is observed without BPD, their high co-occurrence likely results from shared biological vulnerabilities (e.g., genetic, neural), contextual risk factors (e.g., early adversity), and acquired coping strategies (e.g., self-injury) (see Beauchaine et al. 2009). Rates of SII among adults with BPD are also extremely high, with 40–90% attempting suicide or engaging in non-suicidal self-injury at some point in their lifetimes (APA 2004), and nearly two-thirds first initiating self-injury before age 18. Moreover, about 50% of adolescent self-injurers can be diagnosed with BPD, with no adjustment to adult criteria (Nock et al. 2006). Finally, there is an increasing literature linking adolescent SII to personality disorders, especially borderline and antisocial pathologies (Brent et al. 1994; Clarkin et al. 1984; Johnson et al. 1999; Linehan, Rizvi et al. 2006; Marton et al. 1989; Marttunen et al. 1994; Pfeffer et al. 1991; Runeson and Beskow 1991).

  2. At the time of the assessment, 20 SII and 15 depressed adolescents met full diagnostic criteria for depression on the Youth’s Inventory. This difference was not significant, Mann–Whitney U, p = .085.

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the youth self-report and profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, D.C.: Author.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Washington, DC: Author.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2010). DSM-5 development: Non-suicidal self-injury. Retrieved April, 14, 2010, from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=443.

  • Arango, V., Huang, Y.-Y., Underwood, M. D., & Mann, J. J. (2003). Genetics of the serotonergic system in suicidal behavior. Journal of Psychiatric Research, Brain Imaging, and Post-Mortem Studies in Affective Disorders, 37, 375–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchaine, T. P. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray’s motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 183–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchaine, T. P., Katkin, E. S., Strassberg, Z., & Snarr, J. (2001). Disinhibitory psychopathology in male adolescents: Discriminating conduct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through concurrent assessment of multiple autonomic states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 610–624.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology × Sex × Environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735–770.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, S. L., Beauchaine, T. P., & Sylvers, P. D. (2005). A comparison of psychophysiological and self-report measures of BAS and BIS activation. Psychophysiology, 42, 108–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D. A., Johnson, B. A., Perper, J., Connolly, J., Bridge, J., Bartle, S., et al. (1994). Personality disorder, personality traits, impulsive violence, and completed suicide in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 69–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brezo, J., Bureau, A., Merette, C., Jomphe, V., Barker, E. D., Vitaro, F., et al. (2010). Differences and similarities in the serotonergic diathesis for suicide attempts and mood disorders: A 22-year longitudinal gene-environment study. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 831–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 546–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkin, J. F., Friedman, R. C., Hurt, S. W., Corn, R., & Aronoff, M. (1984). Affective and character pathology of suicidal adolescent and young adult inpatients. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 45, 19–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, T. N., Shaver, P. R., Cohen, P., Pilkonis, P. A., Gillath, O., & Kasen, S. (2006). Self-reported attachment, interpersonal aggression, and personality disorder in a prospective community sample of adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 331–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, A. E., Cheltenham, M. P., & Sacks, J. J. (1999). Incidence of suicidal ideation and behavior in the United States, 1994. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 177–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., McCauley, E., Smith, C., Stevens, A. L., & Sylvers, P. D. (2005). Psychological, physiological, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicidal behavior among adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1105–1127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Sylvers, P. D., Mead, H., & Chipman-Chacon, J. (2006). Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 174–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Badeck, S., Beckmann, C., Wagner, A., Feige, B., Weiss, I., et al. (2005). Affective dysregulation and dissociative experience in female patients with borderline personality disorder: A startle response study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito, C., Spirito, A., Boergers, J., & Donaldson, D. (2003). Affective, behavioral, and cognitive functioning in adolescents with multiple suicide attempts. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 33, 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). User’s guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV personality disorders (SCID-II). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowles, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathology: A motivational approach. Psychophysiology, 25, 373–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowles, D. C. (2000). Electrodermal hyporeactivity and antisocial behavior: Does anxiety mediate the relationship? Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 177–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J., Carlson, G., Schneider, J., Nolan, E. E., Mattison, R. E., et al. (2002). A DSM-IV-referenced adolescent self-report rating scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 671–679.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, K. L. (2006). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among female college students: The role and interaction of childhood maltreatment, emotional inexpressivity, and affect intensity/reactivity. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 238–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 87–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson, J. G., Morey, L. C., Stout, R. L., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., McGlashan, T. H., et al. (2004). Major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder revisited: Longitudinal interactions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1049–1056.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J., & Catalano, R. (2001). Social development of youth project, third and ninth grade survey. Unpublished survey. Center for Law and Justice.

  • Herpertz, S. C., Kunert, H. J., Schwenger, U. B., & Sass, H. (1999). Affective responsiveness in borderline personality disorder: A psychophysiological approach. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1550–1556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilt, L. M., Cha, C. B., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: Moderators of the distress-function relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 63–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooley, J. M. (2008). Self-harming behavior: Introduction to the special series on non-suicidal self-injury and suicide. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 155–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, G. A., Phelps, M., & Rohrs, B. (1989). Assessment of anger expression in children: The pediatric anger expression scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jandl, M., Steyer, J., & Kaschka, W. P. (2010). Suicide risk markers in major depressive disorder: A study of electrodermal activity and event-related potentials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123, 138–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (1999). Personality disorders in adolescence and risk of major mental disorders and suicidality during adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 805–811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Gould, M. S., Kasen, S., Brown, J., & Brook, J. S. (2002). Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 741–749.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. A., Hurley, R. A., Benkelfat, C., Herpertz, S. C., & Taber, K. H. (2005). Understanding emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder: Contributions of neuroimaging. Focus, 3, 478–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kernberg, P. F., Weiner, A. S., & Bardenstein, K. K. (2000). Personality disorders in children and adolescents. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Borges, G., & Walters, E. E. (1999). Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 617–626.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 226–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, M., & Gruzelier, J. (1989). Electrodermally differentiated subgroups of anxiety patients and controls. II: Relationships with auditory, somatosensory and pain thresholds, agoraphobic fear, depression and cerebral laterality. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 7, 65–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory. Niagra Falls: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (Eds.). (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). Disentangling emotion processes in borderline personality disorder: Physiological and self-reported assessment of biological vulnerability, baseline intensity, and reactivity to emotionally evocative stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 531–544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenzenweger, M. F., & Cicchetti, D. (2005). Toward a developmental psychopathology approach to borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 893–898.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M. (1987). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: Theory and method. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 51, 261–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M., & Comtois, K. A. (1996). Lifetime parasuicide count: Unpublished Manuscript.

  • Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Brown, M. Z., Heard, H. L., & Wagner, A. W. (2006). Suicide attempt self-injury interview (SASII): Development, reliability, and validity of a scale to assess suicide attempts and intentional self-injury. Psychological Assessment, 18, 303–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M., Rizvi, S. L., Welch, S. S., & Page, B. (2006). Suicide and personality disorders. In K. Hawton & K. van Heeringen (Eds.), International handbook of suicide and attempted suicide (pp. 147–178). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1183–1192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorber, M. F. (2004). Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 531–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, P., Beauchaine, T. P., & Williams, B. (2008). Dissociation of sad facial expressions and autonomic nervous system responding in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Psychophysiology, 45, 100–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marton, P., Korenblum, M., Kutcher, S., Stein, B., Kennedy, B., & Pakes, J. (1989). Personality dysfunction in depressed adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 810–813.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marttunen, M. J., Aro, H. M., Henriksson, M. M., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (1994). Antisocial behaviour in adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiactra Scandinavica, 89, 167–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Jacobson, C. M. (2008). Fact or fiction: Diagnosing borderline personality disorder in adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 969–981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2006). CDC injury fact book. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2009). CDC Injury Research Agenda, 2009–2018 Available from http://www.cdc.gov/injury/ResearchAgenda/index.html.

  • Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 78–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 140–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., Joiner, T. E., Gordon, K. H., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 144, 65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 868–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, C. J., Larsen, J. T., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Neuroticism is associated with larger and more prolonged electrodermal responses to emotionally evocative pictures. Psychophysiology, 44, 823–826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papousek, I., & Schulter, G. (2001). Associations between EEG asymmetries and electrodermal lability in low vs. high depressive and anxious normal individuals. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 41, 105–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paris, J., Zweig-Frank, H., Ng Ying Kin, N. M. K., Schwartz, G., Steiger, H., & Nair, N. P. V. (2004). Neurobiological correlates of diagnosis and underlying traits in patients with borderline personality disorder compared with normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 121, 239–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, C. R., Klerman, G. L., Hurt, S. W., Lesser, M., Peskin, J. R., & Siefker, C. A. (1991). Suicidal children grow up: Demographic and clinical risk factors for adolescent suicide attempts. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 609–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plener, P. L., Libal, G., Keller, F., Fegert, J. M., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2009). An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1549–1558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preskorn, S. H., & Baker, B. (2002). The overlap of DSM-IV syndromes: Potential implications for the practice of psychopharmacology, psychiatric drug development, and the human genome project. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8, 170–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., & Congdon, R. T. (2000). HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Chicago: Scientific Software International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S., & Heath, N. (2002). A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 67–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Runeson, B., & Beskow, J. (1991). Borderline personality disorder in young Swedish suicides. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 153–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmahl, C. G., Elzinga, B. M., Ebner, U. W., Simms, T., Sanislow, C., Vermetten, E., et al. (2004). Psychophysiological reactivity to traumatic and abandonment scripts in borderline personality and posttraumatic stress disorders: A preliminary report. Psychiatry Research, 126, 33–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skegg, K. (2005). Self-harm. The Lancet, 366, 1471–1483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanger, C., & Lewis, M. (1993). Agreement among parents, teachers, and children on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 107–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorell, L. H. (2009). Valid electrodermal hyporeactivity for depressive suicidal propensity offers links to cognitive theory. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119, 338–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trull, T. J., Stepp, S. D., & Durrett, C. A. (2003). Research on borderline personality disorder: An update. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 77–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Public Health Service. (1999). The surgeon general’s call to action to prevent suicide. Washington, DC.

  • Vasilev, C. A., Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Mead, H. K., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Correspondence between physiological and self-report measures of emotion dysregulation: A longitudinal investigation of youth with and without psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1357–1364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Dubicka, B., & Goodyer, I. (2011). Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the adolescent depression antidepressants and psychotherapy trial (ADAPT). The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 495–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, F., & Hasking, P. (2010). Emotion regulation, coping and alcohol use as moderators in the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and psychological distress. Prevention Science, 11, 33–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yen, S., Shea, M. T., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., et al. (2004). Borderline personality disorder criteria associated with prospectively observed suicidal behavior. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1296–1298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnick, C., Donaldson, D., Spirito, A., & Pearlstein, T. (1997). Affect regulation and suicide attempts in adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 793–798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Sheila E. Crowell & Mona Yaptangco

  2. Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA

    Theodore P. Beauchaine

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Ray C. Hsiao & Elizabeth McCauley

  4. Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Christina A. Vasilev

  5. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Marsha M. Linehan

Authors
  1. Sheila E. Crowell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Theodore P. Beauchaine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ray C. Hsiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christina A. Vasilev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mona Yaptangco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Marsha M. Linehan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Elizabeth McCauley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sheila E. Crowell.

Additional information

This work was supported by grants F31 MH074196 to Sheila E. Crowell and R01 MH63699 to Theodore P. Beauchaine from the National Institute of Mental Health

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Crowell, S.E., Beauchaine, T.P., Hsiao, R.C. et al. Differentiating Adolescent Self-Injury from Adolescent Depression: Possible Implications for Borderline Personality Development. J Abnorm Child Psychol 40, 45–57 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9578-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9578-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation