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Reciprocal Associations between Boys’ Externalizing Problems and Mothers’ Depressive Symptoms

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Abstract

Although much has been written about the utility of applying transactional models to the study of parenting practices, relatively few researchers have used such an approach to examine how children influence maternal well-being throughout their development. Using a sample of males from predominantly low-income families, the current study explored reciprocal relations between boys’ overt disruptive behavior (boys’ ages 5 to 10 years) and maternal depressive symptoms. We then examined this model with youth-reported antisocial behaviors (ASB) and maternal depressive symptoms when the boys were older, ages 10 to 15. In middle childhood, evidence was found for both maternal and child effects from boys’ ages 5 to 6 using both maternal and alternative caregiver report of child aggressive behavior. In the early adolescence model, consistent maternal effects were found, and child effects were evident during the transition to adolescence (boys’ ages 11 to 12). The findings are discussed in reference to reciprocal models of child development and prevention efforts to reduce both maternal depression and the prevalence of child antisocial behavior.

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Acknowledgements

The research reported in this paper was supported by grants to Dr. Daniel Shaw from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 46925, MH 50907, and MH 01666). We are grateful to the staff of the Pitt Mother & Child Project for their years of service and to our study families for making the research possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, 4423 Sennott Square, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Heather E. Gross, Daniel S. Shaw & Kristin L. Moilanen

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  1. Heather E. Gross
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  2. Daniel S. Shaw
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  3. Kristin L. Moilanen
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Correspondence to Heather E. Gross.

Appendix

Appendix

SRD Items Used in Analysis

For each item, respondents report if they engaged in behavior, never, once or twice, or more often.

  1. 1.

    Cheated on school tests or assignments

  2. 2.

    Skipped school without an excuse

  3. 3.

    Sent home from school for bad behavior

  4. 4.

    On purpose broken or damaged or destroyed something belonging to your parents or other people in your family

  5. 5.

    On purpose broken or damaged or destroyed something belonging to a school

  6. 6.

    On purpose broken or damaged or destroyed other things that did not belong to you, not counting things that belong to your family or school

  7. 7.

    Written things or sprayed paint on walls or sidewalks or cars, where you were not supposed to be

  8. 8.

    Purposely set fire to a building, a car, or something else or tried to do so

  9. 9.

    Stolen or tried to steal a bicycle or skateboard

  10. 10.

    Taken something from a store without paying for it

  11. 11.

    Taken some money at home that did not belong to you, like from your mother’s purse of from your parents’ dresser

  12. 12.

    Taken anything else at home that did not belong to you

  13. 13.

    Taken anything at school from the teacher or other kids that did not belong to you

  14. 14.

    Taken something out of somebody’s house or yard or garage that did not belong to you

  15. 15.

    Taken something from a car that did not belong to you

  16. 16.

    Gone or tried to go into a building to steal something

  17. 17.

    Avoided paying for things such as movies, bus, or subway rides or food

  18. 18.

    Snatched someone’s purpose or wallet or picked someone’s pocket

  19. 19.

    Hit a teacher or another grown-up at school

  20. 20.

    Hit other students or gotten into physical fights with them

  21. 21.

    Hit one of your parents

  22. 22.

    Hit your brother or sister or gotten into a physical fight with him/ her

  23. 23.

    Carried a hidden weapon other than a plain pocket knife

  24. 24.

    Thrown rocks or bottles at people

  25. 25.

    Secretly taken a sip from a glass or bottle of beer

  26. 26.

    Secretly taken a sip from a glass or bottle of wine

  27. 27.

    Secretly taken a sip from a glass or bottle of liquor

  28. 28.

    Secretly smoked a cigarette, smoked a pipe, or chewed tobacco

  29. 29.

    Smoked Marijuana

  30. 30.

    Sniffed glue

  31. 31.

    Gone into someone’s garden, backyard, house, or garage when you were not supposed to be there

  32. 32.

    Run away form home

  33. 33.

    Been loud, rowdy, or unruly in a public place so that people complained about it or got you in trouble

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Gross, H.E., Shaw, D.S. & Moilanen, K.L. Reciprocal Associations between Boys’ Externalizing Problems and Mothers’ Depressive Symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36, 693–709 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9224-x

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