Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Measuring Symptoms and Functioning of Youth with ADHD in Middle Schools

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The identification of reliable and valid means for evaluating the effectiveness of school-based treatments and completing diagnostic evaluations of middle school aged students are needed. The present study examined the inter-rater agreement of teacher ratings and the relationship between ratings and observational data in a middle school setting. The data are interpreted in the context of differences between a secondary and elementary school setting. Teacher ratings and observational data were collected regularly over the course of two academic years for middle school students diagnosed with ADHD. The results indicate low rates of inter-rater agreement as well as low rates of agreement between teachers and observational data, and between observational data collected in different classrooms. Inter-rater agreement was lowest in late fall and gradually increased over the second half of the year. Implications for conducting treatment outcome evaluations of school-based treatment programs and diagnostic evaluations are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abikoff, H. B., Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. L. E., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Pollack, S., Martin, D., Alvir, J., March, J. S., Hinshaw, S., Vitielo, B., Newcorn, J., Greiner, A., Cantwell, D P., Conners, C. K., Elliott, G., Greenhill, L. L., Kraemer, H., Pelham, W. E., Severe, J. B., Swanson, J. M., Wells, K., & Wigal, T. (2002). Observed classroom behavior of children with ADHD: Relationship to gender and comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 349–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abikoff, H. B., Courtney, M., Pelham, W. E., & Koplewicz, H. S. (1993). Teachers' ratings of disruptive behaviors: The influence of halo effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 519–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1997). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 85S–121S.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics (2000). Clinical practice guidelines: Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics, 105, 1158–1170.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

  • Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., & Metevia, L. (2001). The efficacy of problem-solving communication training alone, behavior management training alone, and their combination for parent-adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 926–941.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartko, J. J., & Carpenter, W. T. (1976). On the methods and theory of reliability. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 307–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Mick, E., Williamson, S., Wilens, T. E., Spencer, T. J., Weber, W., Fetton, F., Kraus, I., Pert, J., & Zallen, B. (1999). Clinical correlates of ADHD in females: Findings from a large group of girls ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric referral sources. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 966–975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, D. F., & Sue, S. (2003). The effects of race and problem type on teachers' assessments of student behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 7, 235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD Rating Scale—IV. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. W., Axelrod, J. L., & Langberg, J. M., (2004). Efficacy of a school-based treatment program for middle school youth with ADHD: Pilot data. Behavior Modification, 28, 528–547.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. W., Langberg, J., Raggi, V., Allen, J., & Buvinger, E. (in press). Development of a school-based treatment program for middle school youth with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders.

  • Evans, S. W., Raggi, V., Thompson, J., & Garland, B. (2004). Clinical utility of the parent version of the Impairment Rating Scale for children. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Fabiano, G. A., & Pelham, W. E. (2002). Measuring impairment in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The ADHD Report, 10, 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Lahey, B. B., Chronis, A. M., Onyango, A. N., Kipp, H., & Williams, A. (2004). The reliability and validity of the Children's Impairment Rating Scale: A practical measure of impairment in children with ADHD. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Gomez, R., Burns, G. L., Walsh, J. A., & De Moura, M. A. (2003). A multitrait-multisource confirmatory factor analytic approach to the construct validity of ADHD rating scales. Psychological Assessment, 15, 3–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum, P. E., Dedrick, R. F., Prange, M. E., & Friedman, R. M. (1994). Parent, teacher, and child ratings of problem behaviors of youngsters with serious emotional disturbances. Psychological Assessment, 6, 141–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P. S., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H. R., Dulcan, M. K., Schwab-Stone, M. E., & Lahey, B. B., (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1569–1579.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, H. C., Measelle, J. R., Ablow, J. C., Exxes, M. J., Boyce, W. T., & Kupfer, D. J. (2003). A new approach to integrating data from multiple informants in psychiatric assessments and research: Mixing and matching contexts and perspectives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1566–1577.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., McBurnett, K., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., Newcorn, J., Jensen, P., Richters, J., Garfinkel, B., Kerdyk, L., Frick, P. J., Ollendick, T., Perez, D., Hart, E. L., Waldman, I., & Shaffer, D. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1673–1685.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. W., Elliott, J., & Barbour, J. D. (1994). A comparison of cross-informant behavior ratings in school-based diagnosis. Behavioral Disorders, 19, 87–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrel, K. W. (2000). Informant reports: Theory and research in using child behavior rating scales in school settings. In E. S. Shapiro & T. R. Kratochwill (Eds.), Behavioral assessment in schools: Theory, research, and clinical foundations (2nd ed., pp. 233–256). New York: The Guilford Press.

  • Mitsis, E. M., McKay, K. E., Schulz, K. P., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2000). Parent-teacher concordance for DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinic-referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 308–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, B. S. G., Pelham, W. E., Blumenthal, J., & Galiszewski, E. (1998). Agreement among teachers' behavior ratings of adolescents with a childhood history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 330–339.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E., Burrows-MacLean, L., Williams, A., Fabiano, G. A., Morrisey, S. M., Chronis, A. M., Forehand, G. L., Nguyen, C. A., Hoffman, M. T., Lock, T. M., Fielbelkorn, K., Coles, E. K., Panahon, C. J., Steiner, R. L., Meichenbaum, D. L., Onyango, A. N., & Morse, G. D. (2001). Once-a-day Concerta methylphenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings. Pediatrics, 107, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phares, V., Compas, B. E., & Howell, D. C. (1989). Perspectives on child behavior problems: Comparisons of children's self-reports with parent and teacher reports. Psychological Assessment, 1, 68–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pliszka, S. R., Lopez, M., Crismon, L., Toprac, M. G., Hughes, C. W., Emslie, G. J., & Boemer, C. (2003). A feasibility study of the Children's Medication Algorithm Project (CMAP) algorithm for the treatment of ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 279–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J. B., Eddy, J. M., Fetrow, R. A., & Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Description and immediate impacts of a preventive intervention for conduct problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 483–517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C., & Kamphaus, R. (1992). Behavior Assessment System for Children: Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin, A. L. (1990). Training families with ADHD adolescents. In R. A. Barkley (Ed.), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment (pp. 462–497). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, R. G. (1991). Agreement among teachers of secondary students in using the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist to identify deviant behavior. Behavioral Disorders, 17, 66–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steven W. Evans Ph.D..

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Evans, S.W., Allen, J., Moore, S. et al. Measuring Symptoms and Functioning of Youth with ADHD in Middle Schools. J Abnorm Child Psychol 33, 695–706 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-7648-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-7648-0

Keywords

Navigation