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Experimental Investigation of Stability, Properties and Thermo-rheological Behaviour of Water-Based Hybrid CuO and Fe3O4 Nanofluids

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Abstract

In this study, the effect of surfactant on the stability of hybrid nanofluids is explored. The thermal, rheological, and thermo-rheological performance of the three most stable nanofluid samples (one each of CuO, Fe3O4 and CuO + Fe3O4) is studied in detail. Stability analysis is carried out by monitoring the agglomerations in the nanofluids over a period of 20 days. The behaviour of stability indicators (i.e., zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter) shows that the nanofluid stability is highly dependent on the type of surfactant utilized. It is seen that CuO-water nanofluid shows a maximum 5.47 % enhancement in thermal conductivity compared to its base fluid, while Fe3O4-water and hybrid CuO + Fe3O4-water nanofluids show a maximum enhancement of 3.11 % and 3.95 %, respectively. The results also show that the presence of CTAB surfactant increases the viscosity of the nanofluid. The contact angles for all the nanofluids are lower than that of the base fluid, confirming their superior wettability characteristics. The thermal performance of the nanofluids is also assessed by determining the property enhancement ratio and the figure of merit.

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Abbreviations

CP :

Specific heat (J·kg−1 K−1)

dp :

Diameter of particle (m)

kB :

Boltzmann constant (m2·kg−1·s−2·K)

K:

Thermal conductivity (W·m−1·°C)

Mo :

Mouromtseff number

T:

Temperature (°C)

UB :

Brownian velocity (m·s−1)

vol%:

Volume fraction percent concentration

wt%:

Weight fraction percent concentration

µ:

Viscosity of nanofluid (cP)

ϕ:

Volume fraction of nanoparticles

θ:

Contact angle

\(\rho \) :

Density (kg·m−3)

bf:

Basefluid

nf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticle

r:

Relative

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus for funding this work under Additional Competitive Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa, 403726, India

    Nikhil S. Mane & Vadiraj Hemadri

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  1. Nikhil S. Mane
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  2. Vadiraj Hemadri
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NSM: Concept, Experimentation, Data Analysis, Writing—Original Draft. VH: Supervision, Writing—editing.

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Correspondence to Nikhil S. Mane.

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Mane, N.S., Hemadri, V. Experimental Investigation of Stability, Properties and Thermo-rheological Behaviour of Water-Based Hybrid CuO and Fe3O4 Nanofluids. Int J Thermophys 43, 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-021-02938-2

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