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Anaerobic Fungi in Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Feces: an Adaptation to a High-Fiber Diet?

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Abstract

Many studies have demonstrated the importance of symbiotic microbial communities for the host with beneficial effects for nutrition, development, and the immune system. The majority of these studies have focused on bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal tract, while the fungal community has often been neglected. Gut anaerobic fungi of the class Neocallimastigomycetes are a vital part of the intestinal microbiome in many herbivorous animals and their exceptional abilities to degrade indigestible plant material means that they contribute significantly to fermentative processes in the enteric tract. Gorillas rely on a highly fibrous diet and depend on fermentative microorganisms to meet their daily energetic demands. To assess whether Neocallimastigomycetes occur in gorillas we analyzed 12 fecal samples from wild Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from Dzanga–Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, and subjected potential anaerobic fungi sequences to phylogenetic analysis. The clone library contained ITS1 fragments that we related to 45 different fungi clones. Of these, 12 gastrointestinal fungi in gorillas are related to anaerobic fungi and our phylogenetic analyses support their assignment to the class Neocallimastigomycetes. As anaerobic fungi play a pivotal role in plant fiber degradation in the herbivore gut, gorillas might benefit from harboring these particular fungi with regard to their nutritional status. Future studies should investigate whether Neocallimastigomycetes are also found in other nonhuman primates with high fiber intake, which would also benefit from having such highly efficient fermentative microbes.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the government of the Central African Republic as well as the Ministre de l’Education Nationale, de l’Alphabetisation, de l’Enseignement Superieur, et de la Recherche for granting permission to conduct our research within the Dzanga–Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We further thank the World Wildlife Fund and the Primate Habituation Project for administrative and logistical support on side. Last, we are very grateful to the associate editor and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. The project was supported by the Leakey Foundation (D. Schulz, K. J. Petrzelkova, K. Fliegerová), by the project CEITEC (Central European Institute of Technology, CZ.1·05/1·1·00/02·0068) from the European Regional Development Fund (D. Modry), by project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000460 OP RDE (K. Fliegerová), by institutional support of Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO: 68081766) (K. J. Petrzelkova) and cofinanced from the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic (CZ.1·07/2·3·00/20·0300) (D. Schulz, I. Profousova-Psenkova, M. A. Qablan, D. Modry, K. J. Petrzelkova).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic

    Doreen Schulz

  2. Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Doreen Schulz, Peter Vallo & Klara J. Petrzelkova

  3. Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic

    Doreen Schulz & David Modry

  4. Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Moneeb A. Qablan

  5. Zoological Garden Ústí nad Labem, 400 07, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic

    Ilona Profousova-Psenkova

  6. Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany

    Peter Vallo

  7. Primate Habituation Project, World Wildlife Fund, Dzanga–Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic

    Terence Fuh

  8. CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic

    David Modry

  9. Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech of the Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    David Modry & Klara J. Petrzelkova

  10. School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, L33AF, Liverpool, UK

    Alexander K. Piel & Fiona Stewart

  11. Ugalla Primate Project, Uvinza, Tanzania

    Alexander K. Piel & Fiona Stewart

  12. Liberec Zoo, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic

    Klara J. Petrzelkova

  13. Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic

    Kateřina Fliegerová

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  1. Doreen Schulz
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  2. Moneeb A. Qablan
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  3. Ilona Profousova-Psenkova
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  4. Peter Vallo
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  5. Terence Fuh
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  9. Klara J. Petrzelkova
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  10. Kateřina Fliegerová
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Correspondence to Doreen Schulz.

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Schulz, D., Qablan, M.A., Profousova-Psenkova, I. et al. Anaerobic Fungi in Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Feces: an Adaptation to a High-Fiber Diet?. Int J Primatol 39, 567–580 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0052-8

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