Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Preserving Preuss’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus preussi): an Ethnographic Analysis of Hunting, Conservation, and Changing Perceptions of Primates in Ikenge-Bakoko, Cameroon

  • Published:
International Journal of Primatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The futures of nonhuman primate species and human communities in shared landscapes rely on our ability to engage with and understand the complex histories and multiscalar aspects of human–animal relationships. We use the Critically Endangered Preuss’s red colobus (Piliocolobus preussi) as a case study to examine the important ways in which histories of multiscalar human–primate interactions play out in the village of Ikenge-Bakoko, Korup National Park, Cameroon. We contextualize ethnographic and catchment data from adult men (N = 32) and women (N = 31) within long-term diurnal primate monitoring datasets to better understand the relationships among hunting practices, local perceptions of diurnal primates, populations of P. preussi, and conservation management. Our data indicate a disconnect between local cultural definitions of “hunter” and Western assumptions as to the makeup and nature of this and other categories. We show that such contradictions can have negative outcomes for conservationists seeking to turn the science of establishing accurate off-take rates of prey species into practical management solutions. Using a single village as a focal point, we highlight the importance of an ethnoprimatological approach to understanding the intricate entanglements among conservation histories, subsistence strategies, and human and nonhuman primate lives. The application of ethnoprimatology is critical for twenty-first century primatologists who must navigate conservation concerns while also acknowledging and valuing the experiences of the human communities living alongside the primates we study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, W. M. (2017). Conservation from above: Globalising care for nature. In M. Brightman & J. Lewis (Eds.), The anthropology of sustainability. Palgrave Studies in Anthropology of Sustainability. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, A., & Gibson, C. C. (1999). Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation. World Development, 27(4), 629–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00161-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albrechtsen, L., Fa, J. E., Barry, B., & Macdonald, D. W. (2005). Contrasts in availability and consumption of animal protein in Bioko Island, West Africa: The role of bushmeat. Environmental Conservation, 32(4), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906002694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, L. R. (2013). Links between local folklore and the conservation of Sclater’s monkey (Cercopithecus sclateri) in Nigeria. African Primates, 8, 17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, L. R., Tanimola, A. A., & Olubode, O. S. (2017). Complexities of local cultural protection in conservation: The case of an endangered African primate and forest groves protected by social taboos. Oryx, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, H. R., & Ryan, G. W. (1998). Text analysis: Qualitative and quantitative methods. In H. R. Bernard (Ed.), Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology (pp. 595–646). Lanham: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobo, K. S., Ntumwel, C. B., & Aghomo, F. F. (2012). Hunter’s perceptions on uses of Preuss’s red colobus Procolobus preussi and red-capped mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, and related conservation issues, in the Nkwende Hills area southwest Cameroon. Life Sciences Leaflets, 8, 28–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F., & Ntumwel, C. B. (2014). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest reserve, south-west Cameroon. Journal of Ethnomedicine, 11(2). http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/11/1/2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bobo, K. S., Ntumwel, C. B., Aghomo, F. F., & Aurele Ayemele, K. G. (2017). The conservation status of two threatened primates in the Korup region, Southwest Cameroon. Primate Conservation, 31, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen-Jones, E., & Entwistle, A. (2002). Identifying appropriate flagship species: The importance of culture and local contexts. Oryx, 36(2), 189–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockington, D., Duffy, R., & Igoe, J. (2012). Nature unbound: Conservation, capitalism, and the future of protected areas. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Camino, M., Cortez, S., Cerezo, A., & Altrichter, M. (2016). Wildlife conservation, perceptions of different co-existing cultures. International Journal of Conservation Science, 7(1), 109–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • CILSS. (2016). Landscapes of West Africa: A window on a changing world. Garretson: U.S. Geological Survey.

  • Cormier, L. A. (2003). Kinship with monkeys: The Guaja foragers of eastern Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press, https://doi.org/10.7312/corm12524.

  • Cowlishaw, G., Mendelson, S., & Rowcliffe, J. M. (2007). Livelihoods and sustainability in a bushmeat commodity chain in Ghana. In D. Brown & G. Davies (Eds.), Bushmeat and livelihoods: Wildlife management and poverty reduction. Conservation Science and Practice 2. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

  • Cronin, D. T., Woloszynek, S., Morra, W. A., Honarvar, S., Linder, J. M., Gonder, M. K., O’Connor, M. P., & Hearn, G. W. (2015). Long-term urban market dynamics reveal increased bushmeat carcass volume despite economic growth and proactive environmental legislation on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. PLoS One, 10(7), e0134464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134464.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, G., & Brown, D. (Eds.) (2007). Bushmeat and livelihoods: Wildlife management and poverty reduction. Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470692592.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Diaw, M. C., & Tiani, A. M. (2010). Fences in our heads: A discourse analysis of the Korup resettlement stalemate. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 29(2), 221–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549810903548138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diaw, C., Tiani, A. M., Jum, C. N., Milol, A., & Wandji, D. N. (2003). Assessing long-term management options for the villages in the Korup National Park: An evaluation of all options. Cooperation Cameroun/Union Europeenne, WWF, CIFOR.

  • Dore, K. M., Riley, R. P., & Fuentes, A., Eds. (2017). Ethnoprimatology, Vol. 76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Drury, R., Homewood, K., & Randall, S. (2011). Less is more: The potential of qualitative approaches in conservation research. Animal Conservation, 14(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00375.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, A. E. (1992). The diurnal primates of Korup National Park, Cameroon: Abundance, productivity and polyspecific associations. M.Sc. thesis, University of Florida.

  • Escobar, A. (1998). Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements. Introduction: Biodiversity as a cultural and political discourse. Journal of Political Ecology, 5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada, A., Garber, P., Heymann, E., Lambert, J., Rovero, F., et al (2017). Impending collapse of the world’s primates: Why primates matter. Science Advances, 3(1), e1600946. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600946.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fa, J. E., & Brown, D. (2009). Impacts of hunting on mammals in African tropical moist forests: A review and synthesis. Mammal Review, 39(4), 231–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00149.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fa, J. E., Olivero, J., Real, R., Farfán, M. A., Márquez, A. L., Vargas, J. M., Ziegler, S., Wegmann, M., Brown, D., Margetts, B., & Nasi, R. (2015). Disentangling the relative effects of bushmeat availability on human nutrition in central Africa. Scientific Reports, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08168.

  • Fletcher, R. (2010). Neoliberal environmentality: Towards a poststructuralist political ecology of the conservation debate. Conservation and Society, 8(3), 171. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.73806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forboseh, P. F., Eno-Nku, M., & Sunderland, T. C. H. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. Oryx, 41(2), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307001743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes, A. (2010) Naturalcultural Encounters in Bali: Monkeys, Temples, Tourists, and Ethnoprimatology. Cultural Anthropology, 25(4), 600-624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes, A. (2012). Ethnoprimatology and the anthropology of the human–primate interface. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartlan, J. S. (1984). Korup regional management plan: Conservation and development in the Ndian division of Cameroon. Unpublished report, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center.

  • Gartlan, J. S. (1986). The biological and historical importance of the Korup forest. In J. S. Gartlan & H. Macleod (Eds.), Workshop on Korup National Park (pp. 28–35). Mundemba: World Wildlife Fund and International Union for Conservation of Nature.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, D. J. C., Fa, J. E., Rowcliffe, J. M., & Kümpel, N. F. (2012). Drivers of change in hunter offtake and hunting strategies in Sendje, Equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology, 26(6), 1052–1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01876.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, C. D. (2009). Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest, northeastern Madagascar: A conservation and livelihoods issue. Oryx, 43(03), 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309000131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, C. D., Wrangham, R. W., & Brashares, J. S. (2013). Assessing the accuracy of interviewed recall for rare, highly seasonal events: The case of wildlife consumption in Madagascar. Animal Conservation, 16(6), 597–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, C. P. (2007). The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 85, 7–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraway, D. (1989). Primate visions: Gender, race, and nature in the world of modern science. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardin, R., & Remis, M. J. (2012). Toward reflexive biocultural research in African forest conservation. In R. Hardin & K. Clarke (Eds.), Testimonies and transformations: Reflections on the making and using of ethnographic knowledge. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. (2002). Primate conservation and local communities: Ethical issues and debates. American Anthropologist, 104(4), 1184–1194. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.4.1184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofner, A. N. (2016). The value of voices: Moving beyond ecology in primate conservation, a case study, Ikenge-bakoko Cameroon. MSc thesis, Oxford Brookes University.

  • Igoe, J., & Brockington, D. (2007). Neoliberal conservation: A brief introduction. Conservation and Society, 5(4), 432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Infield, M. (1988). Hunting, trapping and fishing in villages within and on the periphery of the Korup National Park. Unpublished report. Gland: World Wildlife Fund.

  • Jones, J. P. G., Andriamarovololona, M. M., Hockley, N., Gibbons, J. M., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2008). Testing the use of interviews as a tool for monitoring trends in the harvesting of wild species. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(4), 1205–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01487.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost Robinson, C. A. (2012). Beyond hunters and hunted: An integrative anthropology of human- wildlife dynamics and resource use in a central African forest. PhD dissertation, Purdue University.

  • Jost Robinson, C. A. (2017a). Bushmeat. In A. Fuentes (Ed.), International encyclopedia of primatology. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0094.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jost Robinson, C. A. (2017b). Introduction to implications for conservation. In K. M. Dore, E. P. Riley, & A. F. Fuentes (Eds.), Ethnoprimatology: A practical guide to research on the human–nonhuman primate interface (pp. 253-256). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Jost Robinson, C. A., & Remis, M. J. (2014). Entangled realms: Hunters and hunted in a protected area, Dzanga Sangha dense Forest reserve (RDS). Anthropology Quarterly, 87(3), 613–636. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2014.0036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost Robinson, C., Daspit, L. L., & Remis, M. J. (2011). Multi-faceted approaches to understanding changes in wildlife and livelihoods in a protected area: A conservation case study from the Central African Republic. Environmental Conservation Foundation for Environmental Conservation, 38(2), 247–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost Robinson, C., Daspit, L. L., & Remis, M. J. (2016). Monkeys on the menu? Reconciling patterns of primate hunting and consumption in a central African village. In M. T. Waller (Ed.), Ethnoprimatology: Primate conservation in the 21st century (pp. 47–61). Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Gland, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, J. (1999). Monkeys on the move: The natural symbolism of people-macaque conflict in Japan. Journal of Asian Studies, 58(3), 622–647. https://doi.org/10.2307/2659114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, A. (2005). Of apes and men: Baka and bantu attitudes to wildlife and the making of eco-goodies and baddies. Conservation and Society, 3(2), 407–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, E. (2013). How forests think: Toward an anthropology beyond the human. Berkeley: University of California Press, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520276109.001.0001.

  • Kümpel, N. F., Rowcliffe, J. M., Cowlishaw, G., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2009). Trapper profiles and strategies: Insights into sustainability from hunter behaviour. Animal Conservation, 12(6), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00279.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leader-Williams, N., & Dublin, H. T. (2000). Charismatic megafauna as ‘flagship species’. pp. 53–81. In A. Entwistle & N. Dunstone (Eds.), Priorities for the conservation of mammalian diversity: Has the panda had its day? (pp. 53-81) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Leblan, V. (2013). Introduction: Emerging approaches in the anthropology/primatology borderland. Revue de Primatologie, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.4000/primatologie.1831.

  • Linder, J. M. (2008). The impact of hunting on primates in Korup National Park, Cameroon: Implications for primate conservation. Ph.D. thesis, The City University of New York.

  • Linder, J. M., & Oates, J. F. (2011). Differential impact of bushmeat hunting on monkey species and implications for primate conservation in Korup National Park, Cameroon. Biological Conservation, 144(2), 738–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loudon, J. E., Howells, M. E., & Fuentes, A. (2006). The importance of integrative anthropology: A preliminary investigation employing primatological and cultural anthropological data collection methods in assessing human–monkey coexistence in Bali, Indonesia. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology, 2, 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, D. W., Johnson, P. J., Albrechtsen, L., Seymour, S., Dupain, J., Hall, A., & Fa, J. E. (2012). Bushmeat trade in the cross-Sanaga rivers region: Evidence for the importance of protected areas. Biological Conservation, 147(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malleson, R. (2002). Changing perspectives on forest people and “development”; reflections on the case of the Korup forest, Cameroon. IDS Bulletin, 33(1), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2002.tb00011.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malone, N., Wade, A. H., Fuentes, A., Riley, E. P., Remis, M., & Robinson, C. J. (2014). Ethnoprimatology: Critical interdisciplinary and multispecies approaches in anthropology. Critique of Anthropology, 34(1), 8–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X13510188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchal, V., & Hill, C. (2009). Primate crop-raiding: A study of local perceptions in four villages in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.024.0109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mbile, P. (2009). The Korup Park story revisited: In search of common ground. In M. C. Diaw, T. Aseh, & R. Prabhu (Eds.), Adaptive collaborative management in Cameroon (pp. 157–183). Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbile, P., Vabi, M., Meboka, M., Okon, D., Arrey-Mbo, J., Nkongho, F., & Ebong, E. (2005). Linking management and livelihood in environmental conservation: Case of the Korup National Park Cameroon. Journal of Environmental Management, 76(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milner-Gulland, E. J., Bennett, E. L., Abernethy, K., Bakarr, M., Bennett, E., et al (2003). Wild meat: The bigger picture. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18(7), 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00123-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Environment and Wildlife. (2003) Management Plan for the Korup National Park and its Peripheral Zone.

  • Mullin, M. H. (1999). Mirrors and windows: Sociocultural studies of human–animal relationships. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28(May), 201–224. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nekaris, K. A. I., Boulton, A., & Nijman, V. (2013). An ethnoprimatological approach to assessing levels of tolerance between human and commensal non-human primates in Sri Lanka. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.91008.

  • Newmark, W. D. and, Hough, J. L. (2000) Conserving Wildlife in Africa: Integrated Conservation and Development Projects and Beyond. BioScience, 50(7), 585-592.

  • Nielsen, M. R., Jacobsen, J. B., & Thorsen, B. J. (2014). Factors determining the choice of hunting and trading bushmeat in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Conservation Biology, 28(2), 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, M. R., Meilby, H., Smith-Hall, C., Pouliot, M., & Treue, T. (2017). The importance of wild meat in the global south. Ecological Economics, 146, 696–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngoufo, R., Yongyeh, N., Obioha, E., Bobo, K., Jimoh, S., & Waltert, M. (2014). Social norms and cultural services - community belief system and use of wildlife products in the Northern periphery of the Korup National Park, South-West Cameroon. Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems. https://doi.org/10.2478/cass-2014-0003

  • Oates, J. F. (1996). Habitat alteration, hunting and the conservation of folivorous primates in African forests. Australian Journal of Ecology, 21, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J. F. (1999). Myths and reality in the rain forest: How conservation strategies are failing in West Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J. F., Bergl, R. A., & Linder, J. M. (2004). Africa's gulf of Guinea forests: Biodiversity patterns and conservation priorities. Advanced Applied Biodiversity Science, 6, 1–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osei-Tutu, P. (2017). Taboos as informal institutions of local resource management in Ghana: Why they are complied with or not. Forest Policy and Economics, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.09.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papworth, S., Milner-Gulland, E. J., & Slocombe, K. (2013). The natural place to begin: The ethnoprimatology of the Waorani. American Journal of Primatology, 75(11), 1117–1128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22173.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Remis, M. J., & Hardin, R. (2009). Transvalued species in an African forest. Conservation Biology, 23(6), 1588–1596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01290.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P. (2000). Chimpanzees as political animals in Sierra Leone. In J. Knight (Ed.), Natural enemies: People–wildlife conflicts in anthropological perspective (pp. 78–103). Oxford: European Association of Social Anthropologists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, E. P. (2006). Ethnoprimatology: Toward reconciliation of biological and cultural anthropology. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology, 2(2), 75–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roschenthaler, U. (2000). A baseline study of the six villages in the Korup national park. Doctoral Thesis, University of Frankfurt.

  • Setchell, J. M., Fairet, E., Shutt, K., Waters, S., & Bell, S. (2016). Biosocial conservation: Integrating biological and ethnographic methods to study human–primate interactions. International Journal of Primatology, 38(2), 401–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9938-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, G. H. (2002). Primates in Matsigenka subsistence and world view: The conservation implications of human–nonhuman primate interconnections. In A. Fuentes & L. D. Wolfe (Eds.), Primates face to face (pp. 101–136). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542404.010.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Siewe, S., Vajunec, J. M., & Caniglia, B. (2017). The politics of land use in the Korup National Park. Land, 6(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/land6010007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, J., Hill, C. M., & Ainslie, A. (2017). Cnea-Bissau. Social Anthropology, 25(3), 364–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sponsel, L. E. (1997). The human niche in Amazonia: Explorations in ethnoprimatology. In W. G. Kinzey (Ed.), New world primates (pp. 143–165). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struhsaker, T. T. (1999). Primate communities in Africa: The consequence of longterm evolution or the artifact of recent hunting. In J. G. Fleagle, C. Janson, & K. E. Reed (Eds.), Primate communities (pp. 289–294). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542381.018.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Struhsaker, T. T. (2005). Conservation of red colobus and their habitats. International Journal of Primatology, 26(3), 525–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-005-4364-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Struhsaker, T. T. (2010). The red colobus monkeys: Variation in demography, behavior, and ecology of endangered species. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529583.001.0001.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland, T. C. H., Ehringhaus, C., & Campbell, B. M. (2007). Conservation and development in tropical forest landscapes: A time to face the trade-offs? Environmental Conservation, 34(4), 276–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, R. T., II, and J. J. Schensul. (1998). Methods in applied anthropology. In Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology, edited by H. R. Bernard, 691–736. Walnut Creek, CA: AltiMira.

  • Vabi, M. B. (1999). Socio-economic surveys of human use inside and within 3 kilometres of Korup National Park. Unpublished report, Korup National Park Project.

  • van Vliet, N., Nebesse, C. A., Gambalemoke, S., Akaibe, D., & Nasi, R. (2012). The bushmeat market in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo: Implications for conservation and food security. Oryx, 46(2), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605311000202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waltert, M., Faber, K., & Mühlenberg, M. (2002). Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup project area, south-west Cameroon. Oryx, 36(3), 257–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, P., Igoe, J., & Brockington, D. (2006). Parks and peoples: The social impact of protected areas. Annual Review in Anthropology, 35(1), 251–277. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolverton, S., Nolan, J. M., & Ahmed, W. (2014). Ethnobiology, political ecology, and conservation. Journal of Ethnobiology, 34(2), 125–152. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-34.2.125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the Korup Rainforest Conservation Society (KRCS), our four dedicated field assistants, and all of the residents of Ikenge-Bakoko. Without whom, this project would not have been possible. We also extend thanks to Christos Astaras, Joshua Linder, Kelley Beokee, and The Ministry of Forests and Wildlife (Cameroon) for their support and guidance throughout this project. Further, we thank Erin P. Riley and Sindhu Radhakrishna for organizing this special issue, and Joanna Setchell (editor-in-chief) along with the three anonymous reviewers who substantially improved the manuscript. This work was undertaken with the support of The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (project no.160512457), The Born Free Foundation, the International Primatological Society, and Primate Conservation Inc. Equipment for this project was provided by Idea Wild. Oxford Brookes University Ethics Committee approved this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Centre for Conservation Environment and Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK

    Alexandra N. Hofner & K. A. I. Nekaris

  2. Department of Anthropology, University North Carolina, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA

    Carolyn A. Jost Robinson

Authors
  1. Alexandra N. Hofner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carolyn A. Jost Robinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. A. I. Nekaris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexandra N. Hofner.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Joanna M. Setchell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hofner, A.N., Jost Robinson, C.A. & Nekaris, K.A.I. Preserving Preuss’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus preussi): an Ethnographic Analysis of Hunting, Conservation, and Changing Perceptions of Primates in Ikenge-Bakoko, Cameroon. Int J Primatol 39, 895–917 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0020-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0020-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation