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High connectivity and migration potentiate the invasion of Limnoperna fortunei (Mollusca: Mytilidae) in South America

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Abstract

Even after almost 30 years of Limnoperna fortunei introduction into South America, it is still unclear how the source and propagules are connected. Here, we present genetic evidence of population connectivity and gene flow of L. fortunei propagules from Asia into South America, proposing the main invasion routes into South America. To achieve that we expanded the sampling effort to cover all occurrence points of L. fortunei in South America. We sequenced the mtDNA COI gene and genotyped eight microsatellite loci (ML), and we evaluated the genetic source of the recently introduced population in Sobradinho hydroelectric power plant reservoir in Northeast Brazil. Our results revealed that China is the main genetic source of propagules for the Sobradinho population. We also found COI haplotypes and ML genotypes unique to South American populations, demonstrating a bridgehead effect likely caused by local mutation, adaptation, and admixture patterns that are maintained by high levels of gene flow among them. However, two genetic barriers were also detected. We concluded that L. fortunei is a well-established invader and is still rapidly expanding in Brazil, and the Amazon hydrographic basin is under an alarming threat of invasion.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank FAPEMIG-Vale (RDP0009710/FAPEMIG/VALE/2010) and UNLP 11/ N795 project for providing funding for the development of this study. We also appreciate the suggestions from one anonymous reviewer, which considerably improved this manuscript version.

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  1. Sandra Ludwig and Eloisa H. R. Sari equally contributed to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Sandra Ludwig, Eloisa H. R. Sari, Hugo Paixão, Juliano Araújo, Almir R. Pepato & Teofânia H. D. A. Vidigal

  2. Post-Graduation in Genetics, Genetics, Ecology and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Sandra Ludwig

  3. René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

    Lângia C. Montresor & Cristiana F. A. Brito

  4. División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

    Gustavo Darrigran

  5. Centro de Pesquisas Hidráulicas e Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

    Carlos B. Martinez

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Ludwig, S., Sari, E.H.R., Paixão, H. et al. High connectivity and migration potentiate the invasion of Limnoperna fortunei (Mollusca: Mytilidae) in South America. Hydrobiologia 848, 499–513 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04458-w

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