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Water temperature dynamics and the prevalence of daytime stratification in small temperate shallow lakes

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Abstract

Small lakes are understudied compared to medium- and large-sized lakes, but have recently received increased attention due to their abundance and importance for global scale biogeochemical cycles. They have close terrestrial contact, extensive environmental variability, and support high biodiversity among them. Temporal and spatial variability of water temperature, oxygen, and stratification–mixing dynamics were examined during a year in nine small Danish lakes. We found that diel mean surface water temperatures were similar among lakes while the diel range decreased with increasing water depth. Vertical temperature stratification occurred on 47% of the days during the entire year and 64% of summer days, usually with daytime stratification and nocturnal convective mixing. The probability of daytime stratification increased with higher incident irradiance, higher air temperature, and lower wind speed. During spring, daytime stratification caused differences in oxygen saturation between surface and bottom waters. These findings offer new insights on the high variability of water temperature and oxygen in time and space in small temperate shallow lakes. The variable water temperature and the regular stratification–mixing processes will have a pronounced influence on biogeochemical cycles. Also, these features are expected to affect the performance and evolutionary process of organisms associated with small lakes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank for grant support from the COWI-Foundation and the Carlsberg Foundation to Kaj Sand-Jensen to the study of environmental and biological dynamics in small lakes, Lars Lønsmann Iversen for help with statistical analyses, and Søren Thromsholdt Christensen and Mads Burchardt Mundt for assistance with field work.

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  1. Mikkel René Andersen

    Present address: Dundalk Institute of Technology, Furnace Marine Institute, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland

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  1. Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd. Floor, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Kenneth Thorø Martinsen, Mikkel René Andersen & Kaj Sand-Jensen

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  1. Kenneth Thorø Martinsen
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Correspondence to Kenneth Thorø Martinsen.

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Martinsen, K.T., Andersen, M.R. & Sand-Jensen, K. Water temperature dynamics and the prevalence of daytime stratification in small temperate shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia 826, 247–262 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3737-2

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