Abstract
Since the twentieth century, freshwater ecosystems have been extensively drained. Despite the magnitude of artificial drainage, its impact on freshwater biodiversity, especially on small forest waterbodies, is still poorly known. We examined macroinvertebrate taxon richness and assemblages in forest landscapes, comparing natural temporary waterbodies situated in drained and undrained areas, ditches, and wheel rut pools. We aimed to determine macroinvertebrates that are characteristic to these waterbodies, the impact of forest drainage on them, and the functioning of ditches as an alternative habitat for aquatic macroinvertebrates. Altogether 181 waterbodies within six landscape regions were surveyed, identifying 171 macroinvertebrate taxa. Taxa accumulation curves pooling all the regions indicated that natural waterbodies situated in drained areas harbored less invertebrate taxa than other waterbody types. Thus drainage has effect at supraregional scale. At the waterbody scale, however, we did not detect substantial forest drainage effect on taxon richness or assemblages. Ordering of the waterbody types by richness differed between landscape regions, suggesting that macroinvertebrates are largely dependent on landscape characteristics. Since neither total and mean richness nor assemblages did not differ significantly between natural temporary waterbodies and drainage ditches, the latter could be considered as an alternative habitat for invertebrates at least in semi-naturally managed forests.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agassiz, D. J. L., 1996. Lepidoptera Pryalidae. In Nilsson, A. (ed.), Aquatic Insects of North Europe. A Taxonomic Handbook, Vol. I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark: 257–258.
Armitage, P. D., K. Szoszkiewicz, J. H. Blackburn & I. Nesbitt, 2003. Ditch communities: a major contributor to floodplain biodiversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13: 165–185.
Armitage, P. D., A. Hawczak & J. H. Blackburn, 2012. Tyre track pools and puddles – anthropogenic contributors to aquatic biodiversity. Limnologica 42: 254–263.
Arold, I., 2005. Estonian Landscapes. University of Tartu Press, Tartu (In Estonian).
Balmford, A., A. Bruner, P. Cooper, R. Costanza, S. Farber, R. E. Green, M. Jenkins, P. Jefferiss, V. Jessamy, J. Madden, K. Munro, N. Myers, S. Naeem, J. Paavola, M. Rayment, S. Rosendo, J. Roughgarden, K. Trumper & R. K. Turner, 2002. Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 297: 950–953.
Bilton, D. T., L. C. McAbendroth, P. Nicolet, A. Bedford, S. D. Rundle, A. Faggo & P. M. Ramsay, 2009. Ecology and conservation status of temporary and fluctuating ponds in two areas of southern England. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19: 134–146.
Brinkhurst, R. O. & S. R. Gelder, 1991. Annelida: Oligochaeta and Branchiobdellida. In Thorp, T. H. & A. P. Covich (eds), Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, New York: 438–444.
Brooks, R. T., 2000. Annual and seasonal variation and the effects of hydroperiod on benthic macroinvertebrates of seasonal forest (“vernal”) ponds in Central Massachusetts, USA. Wetlands 20: 707–715.
Colburn, E. A., 2004. Vernal Pools. Natural History and Conservation. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, VA.
Colwell, R. K. 2013. EstimateS: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples, Version 9. User’s Guide and Application Published at: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates.
Colwell, R. K., A. Chao, N. J. Gotelli, S.-Y. Lin, C. X. Mao, R. L. Chazdon & J. T. Longino, 2012. Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Plant Ecology 5: 3–21.
Coulson, J. C., J. E. L. Butterfield & E. Henderson, 1990. The effect of open drainage ditches on the plant and invertebrate communities of moorland and on the decomposition of peat. Journal of Applied Ecology 27: 549–561.
Cranston, P. S., C. D. Ramsdale, K. R. Snow & G. B. White, 1987. Keys to the Adults, Male Hypopygia, Fourth-Instar Larvae and Pupae of the British Mosquitoes (Culicidae) with Notes of Their Ecology and Medical Importance. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication, 48. The Ferry House, Ambleside, Cumbria.
Della Bella, V., M. Bazzanti & F. Chiarotti, 2005. Macroinvertebrate diversity and conservation status of Mediterranean ponds in Italy: water permanence and mesohabitat influence. Aquatic Conservations: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15: 583–600.
Dudgeon, D., A. H. Arthington, M. O. Gessner, Z.-I. Kawabata, D. J. Knowler, C. Leveque, R. J. Naiman, A.-H. Prieur-Richard, D. Soto, M. L. J. Stiassny & C. A. Sullivan, 2006. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews 81: 163–182.
Dufrêne, M. & P. Legendre, 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67: 345–366.
Estonian Red List of Threatened Species, 2008. Website http://elurikkus.ut.ee/prmt.php?lang=eng. Accessed 2014 October 15.
Florencio, M., L. Serrano, C. Gómez-Rodríguez, A. Millan & C. Díaz-Paniagua, 2009. Inter-and intra-annual variations of macroinvertebrate assemblages are related to the hydroperiod in Mediterranean temporary ponds. Hydrobiologia 634: 167–183.
Gómez-Rodríguez, C., C. Díaz-Paniagua, L. Serrano, M. Florencio & A. Portheault, 2009. Mediterranean temporary ponds as amphibian breeding habitats: the importance of preserving pond network. Aquatic Ecology 43: 1179–1191.
Hall, D. L., M. R. Willig, D. L. Moorhead, R. W. Sites, E. B. Fish & T. R. Mollhagen, 2004. Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity of playa wetlands: the role of landscape and island biogeographic characteristics. Wetlands 24: 77–91.
Hamilton, R., P. S. Kourtev, C. Post, J. Dillard, K. J. Knepper & R. Cowart, 2012. Physicochemical characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in temporary surface waters of Northern Stark County, Ohio. The Open Entomology Journal 6: 1–12.
Ilmonen, J., H. Mykrä, R. Virtanen, L. Paasivirta & T. Muotka, 2012. Responses of spring macroinvertebrate and bryophyte communities to habitat modification: community composition, species richness, and red-listed species. Freshwater Science 31: 657–667.
Iversen, L. L., R. Rannap, P. F. Thomsen, J. Kielgast & K. Sand-Jensen, 2013. How do low dispersal species establish large range sizes? The case of the water beetle Graphoderus bilineatus. Ecography 36: 770–777.
Jeffries, M. J., 2010. The temporal dynamics of temporary pond macroinvertebrate communities over a 10-year period. Hydrobiologia 661: 391–405.
Laine, J., H. Vasander & T. Sallantaus, 1995. Ecological effects of peatland drainage for forestry. Environmental Reviews 3: 286–303.
Lundkvist, E., J. Landin & F. Karlsson, 2002. Dispersing diving beetles (Dytiscidae) in agricultural and urban landscapes in south-eastern Sweden. Annales Zoologici Fennici 39: 109–123.
McCune, B. & M. J. Mefford, 2011. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, Version 6.0. MjM Software, Oregon.
Nakano, S. & M. Murukami, 2001. Reciprocal subsidies: dynamic interdependence between terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 166–170.
Neckles, H. A., H. R. Murkin & J. A. Cooper, 1990. Influences of seasonal flooding on macroinvertebrate abundance in wetland habitats. Freshwater Biology 23: 311–322.
Nicolet, P., 2001. Temporary ponds in the UK: a critical biodiversity resource for freshwater plants and animals. Freshwater Forum 17: 16–25.
Nicolet, P., J. Biggs, G. Fox, M. J. Hodson, C. Reynolds, M. Whitfield & P. Williams, 2004. The wetland plant and macronivertebrate assemblages of temporary ponds in England and Wales. Biological Conservation 120: 261–278.
OECD & IUCN [Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development – World Conservation Union], 1996. Guidelines for Aid Agencies for Improved Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical and Sub-tropical Wetlands. Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France.
Paavilainen, E. & J. Päivänen, 1995. Peatland Forestry Ecology and Principles. Springer, New York.
Painter, D., 1999. Macroinvertebrate distributions and the conservation value of aquatic Coleoptera, Mollusca and Odonata in the ditches of traditionally managed and grazing fen at Wicken Fen, UK. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 33–48.
Peltomaa, R., 2007. Drainage of forests in Finland. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 56: 151–159.
Pinder, L. C. V., 1995. The habitats of chironomidae larvae. In Armitage, P. D., P. S. Cranston & L. C. V. Pinder (eds), The Chironomidae: Biology and Ecology of Non-biting Midges. Chapman & Hall, London: 126–129.
Preisser, E. L., J. Y. Kefer, J. D. Lawrence & T. W. Clark, 2000. Vernal pool conservation in Connecticut: an assessment and recommendations. Environmental Management 5: 503–513.
Prevost, M., A. P. Plamondon & P. Belleau, 1999. Effects of drainage of a forested peatland on water quality and quantity. Journal of Hydrology 214: 130–143.
Prost, G. & K. Irvine, 2009. Distinctiveness of macroinvertebrate community in turloughs (temporary ponds) and their response to environmental variables. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater ecosystems 19: 456–465.
Remm, L., A. Lõhmus & R. Rannap, 2015. Temporary and small water bodies in human-impacted forests: an assessment in Estonia. Boreal Environment Research 20 (in press).
Rogers, D.C., 1998. Aquatic macroinvertebrate occurrences and population trends in constructed and natural vernal pools in Folsom, California. In Witham, C. M., E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr. & R. Ornduff (eds), Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems – Proceeding from a 1996 Conference: 224–235.
Socha, J., 2012. Long-term effect of wetland drainage on the productivity of Scots pine stands in Poland. Forest Ecology and Management 274: 172–180.
Suislepp, K., R. Rannap & A. Lõhmus, 2011. Impacts of artificial drainage on amphibian breeding sites in hemiboreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 1078–1083.
Torim, T. & Ü. Sults, 2005. The main problems of forest drainage. In Arukuusk, A. & I. Etverk (eds), 50 Years of Forest Drainage in Estonia. Estonian Society of Foresters, Painküla, Estonia: 55–57 (In Estonian).
Verdonschot, R. C. M., H. E. Keizer-Vlek & P. F. M. Verdonschot, 2011. Biodiversity value of agricultural drainage ditches: a comparative analysis of the aquatic invertebrate fauna of ditches and small lakes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21: 715–727.
Vermonden, K., R. S. E. W. Leuven, G. van der Velde, M. M. van Katwijk, J. G. M. Roelofs & J. Hendriks, 2009. Urban drainage systems: an undervalued habitat for aquatic macroinvertebrates. Biological Conservation 142: 1105–1115.
Vuori, K.-M., I. Joensuu, J. Latvala, E. Jutila & A. Ahvonen, 1998. Forest drainage: a threat to benthic biodiversity of boreal headwater streams? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 8: 745–759.
Watson, A. M. & S. J. Ormerod, 2004. The distribution of tree uncommon freshwater gastropods in the drainage ditches of British grazing marshes. Biological Conservation 118: 445–466.
Wiggins, G. B., R. J. Mackay & I. M. Smith, 1980. Evolutionary and ecological strategies of animals in annual temporary pools. Archives of Hydrobiology 58: 97–206.
Williams, D. D., 1997. Temporary ponds and their invertebrate communities. Aquatic Conservation 7: 105–117.
Williams, P., J. Biggs, G. Fox, P. Nicolet & M. Whitfield, 2001. History, origins and importance of temporary ponds. Freshwater Forum 17: 7–15.
Williams, P., M. Whitfield, J. Biggs, S. Bray, G. Rox, P. Nicolet & D. Sear, 2003. Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England. Biological Conservation 115: 329–341.
Williams, P. M., M. Whitfield & J. Biggs, 2008. How can we make new ponds more biodiverse? A case study monitored over 7 years. Hydrobiologia 597: 137–148.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Mart Meriste, Henn Timm, and Tarmo Timm along with Ton van Haaren and David Tempelman for their help in faunal identification. The research was supported by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Program 3.2.0802.11-0043), the Estonian Science Foundation (grant 9051 and project IUT 34-7), and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (Project SF0180012s09).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling editor: Sonja Stendera
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vaikre, M., Remm, L. & Rannap, R. Macroinvertebrates in woodland pools and ditches and their response to artificial drainage in Estonia. Hydrobiologia 762, 157–168 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2345-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2345-7