Abstract
Terrestrial support of aquatic food webs is becoming well established in the science of ecology. However, while terrestrial subsidies of energy have been shown to exert strong effects on aquatic food webs, it is less clear how variations in these subsidies, via natural or anthropogenic factors, will affect recipient ecosystems. To assess the influence of variations in terrestrial subsidies on an aquatic food web, we manipulated leaf-litter inputs in artificial ponds. Decreasing litter inputs did not affect any of the response variables in artificial ponds. This may be because the minimal amount of terrestrial carbon present combined with autochthonous production was enough to sustain the food web and/or the food web was altered in ways not detected by the experimental design. However, increasing leaf-litter inputs increased the percent survival and developmental rate of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Conversely, increasing litter input appeared to have no influence on zooplankton or salamander larvae. Increasing litter inputs also increased the dissolved organic carbon content and decreased the percent saturation of dissolved oxygen in artificial ponds. As system respiration in aquatic systems is frequently dominated by microbial respiration, we hypothesize that the effects of increasing litter input on wood frogs were the result of an increase food resources (i.e., microbes) for tadpoles. The lack of a response by salamander larvae and zooplankton may be due to the densities of zooplankton in tanks providing enough food for salamanders in all treatments, variation among specific zooplankton species in their ability to exploit these resources and transfer energy to salamanders, or omnivory among zooplankton offsetting the affects of leaf-litter inputs. Additional work is needed to determine the influence of litter inputs on zooplankton and salamanders in this community. These data demonstrate that variations in leaf-litter inputs can influence food web structure; however, the importance of these variations will likely be dependent upon the trophic position of various consumers.
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Acknowledgments
We thank J. Cole, D. Fischer, and S. Hazzard for assistance with sample analysis, and J. Rubbo, S. Storrs, S. Eckert, A. Schroeck, and J. Falkenbach for assistance during field work. This is a contribution to the Institute of Ecosystem Studies. Financial support was provided by the NIH/NSF Ecology of Infectious Disease Program (1R01ES11067-01 to JMK), the Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, and a Grant-in-Aid of research provided by Sigma-Xi.
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Rubbo, M.J., Belden, L.K. & Kiesecker, J.M. Differential responses of aquatic consumers to variations in leaf-litter inputs. Hydrobiologia 605, 37–44 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9298-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9298-z